Abstract
Cranberry is a well-known functional food, but the compounds directly responsible for many of its reported health benefits remain unidentified. Complex carbohydrates, specifically xyloglucan and pectic oligosaccharides, are the newest recognized class of biologically active compounds identified in cranberry materials. Cranberry oligosaccharides have shown similar biological properties as other dietary oligosaccharides, including effects on bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and microbial growth. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity has also been observed. Oligosaccharides may therefore be significant contributors to many of the health benefits associated with cranberry products. Soluble oligosaccharides are present at relatively high concentrations (~20% w/w or greater) in many cranberry materials, and yet their possible contributions to biological activity have remained unrecognized. This is partly due to the inherent difficulty of detecting these compounds without intentionally seeking them. Inconsistencies in product descriptions and terminology have led to additional confusion regarding cranberry product composition and the possible presence of oligosaccharides. This review will present our current understanding of cranberry oligosaccharides and will discuss their occurrence, structures, ADME, biological properties, and possible prebiotic effects for both gut and urinary tract microbiota. Our hope is that future investigators will consider these compounds as possible significant contributors to the observed biological effects of cranberry.
Highlights
A broad diversity of health benefits has been attributed to the fruit of the American cranberry
Some of the reported health benefits of cranberry include the prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) [4,5,6], the promotion of overall gut health [7], the promotion of oral health [8,9], and the prevention of gum disease [10,11]
Perhaps the best known benefit of cranberry consumption is the promotion of urinary tract (UT) health, but with each new systematic review of the clinical literature the recommendation seems to change regarding whether the use of cranberry products for the prevention of UTIs is scientifically supported [18,19,20,21,22,23]
Summary
A broad diversity of health benefits has been attributed to the fruit of the American cranberry Perhaps the best known benefit of cranberry consumption is the promotion of urinary tract (UT) health, but with each new systematic review of the clinical literature the recommendation seems to change regarding whether the use of cranberry products for the prevention of UTIs is scientifically supported [18,19,20,21,22,23] Much of this controversy may arise from limited characterization of the cranberry materials used, a lack of understanding of the cranberry constituents that directly impact UT health, and a lack of awareness of the role of the UT microbiota in overall health and disease prevention. Figure 44.. 1H1-NHM-NRMsRpecsptreact(rDa2O(D, 420O0, M40H0z)MfoHrzo)lifgoorsaoclcihgaorsiadcechfraarcidtieonfsraocftiWonBsP o(Sf NWAB-0P3,(SNAA--0043), S[2N7A,28-0],4)C[H27E,P28](C, JCAH1E-0P2B(,CCJAJA1-20-20B3), C[2J5A,226-,0238)],[2a5n,d26,C2J8S], (aCnCdAC1-J0S1,(CCCCAA11--0012,, CCCCAA1-023, CCA21-013, CCA2-012), C[2C5A,292]-0w2)it[h25a,n29o]mweirtihc (a4n.3o–m5e.2ripcp(4m.3)–a5n.2dpopthme)racnhdaroatchtericsthiacrparcotetorinstricespornoatonncerseisnodniacnacteeds ionndtihcaetsepdeoctnrutmheosfptehcetrGuXmGoSfhtehpetaGsaXcGchSahriedpeta2satcc6h00arMidHe z2[a2t8]6.0T0hMe cHrazn[b2e8r]r.y TGhSeGcSraonctbaesrarcychGaSrGidSe o3c[t2a8s]aicscihnacrliuddee3d[t2o8s]hisowincthluedseimd itloarsihtyowoftthhee s1Him-NilaMriRtysopfetchtreu1mH-aNt 4M00RMspHezctfrourmthaist 4p0u0riMfieHdzmfoartetrhiaisl ptourtihfioesde mofacteormiapllteox tmhoixsteuorefscocomnptaleinxinmgixsttururecstucroanlltyairneilnagtesdtrcuocmtuproaullyndrse.laBtoedxecsoimndpiocuatnedms.atBeorixaels itnhdaticaarte fmraactteiroinaslsftrhoamt athree fsraamcteiocnhsrformomatothgeraspahmice scehproarmaatitoongsr.aphic separations
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