Olfaction, “olfiction,” and the schizophrenia-spectrum: An updated meta-analysis on identification and acuity

Abstract

Olfaction deficits in individuals with schizophrenia are well documented. A meta-analysis conducted nearly a dozen years ago on the topic revealed a deficit of a full standard deviation in magnitude compared to nonpatient controls. Recent efforts have been attempted to determine whether deficits in olfactory identification and acuity reflect a vulnerability marker of schizophrenia-spectrum pathology. To address this issue, the present study conducted a meta-analysis of 16 studies of individuals with schizotypy, defined in terms of a) “ultra-high risk” status, b) having an affected biological family member, or c) having extreme scores on a schizotypy questionnaire. We also conducted an updated meta-analysis of 40 studies of olfactory functioning in schizophrenia. Consistent with the prior meta-analysis, patients with schizophrenia showed impairments in olfaction identification on a full standard deviation in magnitude (d=−.99). Individuals with schizotypy showed much more subtle (d=−.24) differences in olfaction, though the effect sizes were higher for studies examining individuals at “ultra-high risk” (d=−.67) versus studies examining individuals with psychometrically-defined (d=−.14) schizotypy. Differences in olfactory acuity, relative to their respective control groups, were small for both the schizophrenia (d=−.45) and schizotypy (d=−.38) studies but were similar in magnitude. The present findings argue against the notion that deficits in olfaction identification are a vulnerability marker of schizophrenia. Suggestions for future research are recommended.