Oldest ‘earthquake’ in South Africa (Robben Island, 07 April 1620) discredited

Sharad Master

doi:10.4102/sajs.v108i9/10.975

Abstract

The oldest recorded earthquake in South Africa is widely accepted (in several seismic catalogues) to have occurred on 07 April 1620. This earthquake was regarded as having a Modified Mercalli Scale intensity of II-IV, corresponding to a Richter Scale Magnitude of ~4. An examination of the original sources on which the record of this earthquake rests, reveals that it was based on a description of 'two startling thunderclaps like cannon shots while ship was becalmed near Robben Island' by Augustin de Beaulieu, who was the head of a fleet of three ships which put in Table Bay in March-April 1620. A full excerpt of Beaulieu's account reveals that the thunderclaps took place in a short period of calm during an extended period of stormy weather, and that the observations were made on board ship, so that no seismic ground vibration was felt. The Western Cape has a much lower incidence of lightning than the interior of South Africa, and the fact that the thunderclaps were not accompanied by lightning is not unusual. Thus the simplest explanation of the thunderclaps is that they were the result of atmospheric phenomena, and not a result of seismic activity, as interpreted by J.N. Theron in 1974. The events of 07 April 1620 should thus be removed from the catalogues of historical seismicity in South Africa, making the slight shock felt in Cape Town in 1690, with a Modified Mercalli Scale intensity of III, the oldest recorded seismic tremor in the history of South Africa.

Highlights

In several catalogues of historical seismicity in South Africa,[1,2,3] the oldest recorded earthquake in South Africa is considered to have occurred in 1620, on 07 April. This event was originally attributed to a seismic origin by Theron[1] (1974), based on information from Edward Strangman[4] (1936)
He implicitly attributed the thunderclaps to a seismic origin, because the events occurred while the ship was ‘becalmed’ for several days
Having deduced a seismic origin for the phenomena, Theron[1] assigned them to an intensity of III-IV on the Modified Mercalli Scale,[5] which corresponds to a Richter Scale Magnitude of ~4

Summary

Introduction

In several catalogues of historical seismicity in South Africa,[1,2,3] the oldest recorded earthquake in South Africa is considered to have occurred in 1620, on 07 April. Theron[1] summarised the observations related to this supposed earthquake as: ‘Two startling thunderclaps like cannon shots while ship was becalmed near Robben Island for several days’.

Results

Conclusion