Older Adults‘ Perceived Physical Activity Enablers And Barriers: A Multicultural Perspective

Abstract

Almost all population groups in the United States need more physical activity (PA). PA programs are particularly needed for groups affected by health disparities; lack of PA contributes to disparities. Identifying perceived PA barriers and enablers among various racial/ethnic groups may help develop effective PA programs. PURPOSE: To identify perceived PA enablers and barriers among a racially/ethnically diverse group of older adults. METHODS: Data were from 42 focus groups (n=396) with United States residents ages 50 and older, including: African Americans, American Indians, Hispanics, Chinese, Vietnamese, and non-Hispanic Whites (hereafter Whites). Grounded theory identified themes. Thematic analysis organized content. Constant comparison methods examined themes by race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Barriers perceived in common among the groups were health problems, fear of falling, and lack of exercise facilities. Enablers perceived in common were positive health outcome expectations, social support, and PA program access, including senior centers. American Indians mentioned the built environment (e.g., lack of suitable areas for walking) and lack of knowledge about PA as barriers; they also described health benefits as an enabler more often than other groups. Whites and American Indians emphasized the importance of PA programs specifically designed for older adults, stressing the need for activities that are easy on joints, such as water aerobics. African Americans mentioned financial cost as a barrier more often than others. There were no differences between barriers and enablers offered in common among the groups and those offered by Chinese and Vietnamese participants, although Vietnamese participants offered fewer barriers and enablers. CONCLUSION: Results suggest several ways to promote PA among older adults, including developing exercise programs for them and health messages promoting existing PA places and programs. Racial/ethnic differences should be considered when designing such programs, and when developing messages and communication campaigns to promote them. Results also suggest that certain groups, such as American Indians, may be particularly affected by barriers in the built environment. Concerted action by communities and governments may be needed to overcome such barriers.