Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the inhibitory effects of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Linn.) extract on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia.Methods: Okra was extracted with ethanol by Soxhlet extraction. Non-cytotoxic doses of okra at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL were used in this study. BV2 cells were cultured and treated with LPS in the presence or absence of okra at the concentrations indicated above. ROS, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) p65 and Akt were determined.Results: Treatment of BV2 cells with okra concentrations of 50, 100 and 200μg/mL significantly suppressed LPS-induced NO as well as ROS compared to untreated cells. There was also a significant decrease in the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in okra-treated BV2 microglia cells. The level of LPSinduced NF-kB p65 phosphorylation was significantly decreased by okra treatment. In addition, okra inhibited LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation, which is an upstream molecule of NF-kB.Conclusion: Okra exerts anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by suppressing Akt-mediated NF-κB pathway. This suggests that okra might be a valuable agent for the treatment of anti-neuroinflammatory diseases mediated by microglial cells.Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus Linn, Inflammatory cytokines, Lipopolysaccharide, Neuroinflammation, Microglia, Reactive oxygen species
Highlights
Microglia, the resident immune cells located in the central nervous tissue (CNS), play an important role in CNS homeostasis during development, adulthood and ageing
Overactivation of microglia could contribute to neuronal cell death as seen in many neurodegenerative diseases [1] due to the secretion of inflammatory mediators and neurotoxic factors such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 ), tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF- ), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) [2,3]
In order to investigate the role of okra as an antiinflammatory mediator, the effects of okra on LPS-induced NO production were examined
Summary
The resident immune cells located in the central nervous tissue (CNS), play an important role in CNS homeostasis during development, adulthood and ageing. In their resting state, they vigilantly monitor the health of neurons. The effects of okra extract on oxidative and inflammatory responses in LPS-induced stimulation of murine BV2 microglial cells was determined. At the start of each experiment, the growth medium in each well was completely removed and replaced with medium containing LPS with or without the specified concentrations of okra extract (50, 100, 200 μg/mL) or quercetin (12 μM) in serum-free medium. Cells were washed with PBS and treated with LPS in the presence or absence of okra extracts or quercetin in serum-free medium for 24 h.
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