Abstract
ABSTRACT Produced water has elevated levels of salts, metals, and organic constituents and is seen as a waste byproduct in the oil and gas industry. This comprehensive review summarizes (1) the potential impact, (2) produced water management, and (3) identifies current research thrust areas in future efforts. Complementary treatment systems involving chemical and biological techniques offer significant advantages. The review emphasizes the application of these technologies and their performance in meeting regulatory standards. Cost, energy consumption, chemical use, and operational complexity are recognized challenges in both the water treatment industry and the oil and gas industry. It highlights the need for further research and for the optimization of processes to enhance their efficiency. The integration of conventional methods with advanced treatment processes is also explored, with a vision toward developing hybrid systems for improved treatment efficiency. Overall, complementary systems show great promise for the treatment of produced water, but further advancements, sustainability considerations, and integration with other technologies are essential for their successful implementation in large-scale applications. Maintaining expertise and awareness of water treatment issues in the oil and gas industry can help reclamation identify new technologies and solutions to technical challenges that may benefit the oilfield water treatment industry.
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