Oil rents and greenhouse gas emissions: spatial analysis of Gulf Cooperation Council countries

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, good governance, and oil rents have the potential to accelerate stock market trade (SMT) in the oil-dependent economies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Besides, spatial linkages are anticipated in these markets due to their geographical and economic interdependence. Therefore, this research aims to estimate the spatial effects of FDI, oil rents, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and political stability on SMT in the GCC region. Using spatial econometric analysis, this study investigates a panel of six GCC countries from 2001 to 2020. Unlike previous research, this study contributes to the GCC literature by capturing both local and cross-border spatial effects of FDI, political stability, GDP per capita, and oil rents on SMT in the interlinked GCC stock markets. The results reveal that while oil rents increase SMT in local markets, they reduce SMT in neighboring markets through spillover effects. However, the total net effect of oil rents on SMT is positive. Thus, oil rents support SMT across the entire GCC region. GDP per capita has a positive effect on SMT in local economies. Additionally, FDI and political stability exert positive effects on SMT in both local and neighboring markets, generating positive spillover effects that benefit the entire GCC market. These findings suggest that attracting FDI to promote SMT and enhancing political stability in the region would further support the growth of SMT in the GCC region.

This study investigates the effect of energy consumption on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 33 African countries from 1995–2017. It contributes to the literature by investigating the effect of disaggregated measures of energy consumption (coal, oil and other liquids, renewable energy, and electricity) on GHG emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4, and total GHG emissions) in Africa and identifies the transmission channels through which energy consumption affects GHG emissions. The system GMM is used in the study as it accounts for possible endogeneity and the potential correlation between the error term and the country fixed effects. The results show that coal consumption significantly increases CO2, CH4, and total GHG emissions and reduces N2O emissions. Oil consumption increases CO2 and total GHG emissions but reduces N2O and CH4 emissions. Renewable energy consumption reduces CO2 and CH4 emissions but increases N2O emissions. Finally, electricity consumption promotes CO2, N2O, CH4 and total GHG emissions in Africa. Further analyses show that foreign trade and economic growth are the channels through which oil consumption increases GHG emissions. The adverse effect of electricity is through urbanization. Renewable consumption could decrease GHG emissions through sustainable urbanization and trade policies. The findings suggest that countries should gradually reduce coal consumption and encourage renewable energy consumption, which has the lowest impact on the environment.

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Permafrost regions are an important source of greenhouse gases. However, the effects of different permafrost wetland types on greenhouse gas emissions and the driving factors are still unclear in the permafrost region. Here, we selected three typical permafrost wetlands from the Daxing'an Mountains to investigate the effects of permafrost wetland types on greenhouse gas emissions. The cumulative N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions were 84–122, 657,942–1,446,121, and 173–16,924 kg km−2, respectively. The linear mixed effects model indicated that N2O emissions were significantly affected by the NO3−‐N content, whereas CO2 emissions were mainly driven by soil temperature, water table level, and NO3−‐N content. CH4 emissions were affected by soil temperature and water table level. Permafrost wetland types significantly affected the average and cumulative N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions. The cumulative N2O emissions were highest in the Larix gmelinii ‐ Carex appendiculata (LC) wetland and lowest in the Betula fruticosa Pall. (B) wetland, driven by NO3−‐N content. The cumulative CO2 emissions were highest in the B wetland and lowest in the L. gmelinii ‐ Ledum palustre var. dilatatum (LL) wetland. The cumulative CH4 emissions from B wetland were significantly higher than those from LL and LC wetlands. The differences in cumulative CO2 and CH4 emissions were driven by the water table level. Our findings indicate that NO3−‐N content affect the spatial‐temporal variation of N2O emissions, whereas water table level influence the spatial‐temporal variation of CO2 and CH4 emissions in the permafrost region of the Daxing'an Mountains.

A review on the main affecting factors of greenhouse gases emission in constructed wetlands

Effects of biochar and N-stabilizers on greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical pasture field applied with organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers

Long-term aged fibrous polypropylene microplastics promotes nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane emissions from a coastal wetland soil

Energy supply utilities release significant amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. It is essential to accurately estimate GHG emissions with their uncertainties, for reducing GHG emissions and mitigating climate change. GHG emissions can be calculated by an activity-based method (i.e., fuel consumption) and continuous emission measurement (CEM). In this study, GHG emissions such as CO2, CH4, and N2O are estimated for a heat generation utility, which uses bituminous coal as fuel, by applying both the activity-based method and CEM. CO2 emissions by the activity-based method are 12–19% less than that by the CEM, while N2O and CH4 emissions by the activity-based method are two orders of magnitude and 60% less than those by the CEM, respectively. Comparing GHG emissions (as CO2 equivalent) from both methods, total GHG emissions by the activity-based methods are 12–27% lower than that by the CEM, as CO2 and N2O emissions are lower than those by the CEM. Results from uncertainty estimation show that uncertainties in the GHG emissions by the activity-based methods range from 3.4% to about 20%, from 67% to 900%, and from about 70% to about 200% for CO2, N2O, and CH4, respectively, while uncertainties in the GHG emissions by the CEM range from 4% to 4.5%. For the activity-based methods, an uncertainty in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default net calorific value (NCV) is the major uncertainty contributor to CO2 emissions, while an uncertainty in the IPCC default emission factor is the major uncertainty contributor to CH4 and N2O emissions. For the CEM, an uncertainty in volumetric flow measurement, especially for the distribution of the volumetric flow rate in a stack, is the major uncertainty contributor to all GHG emissions, while uncertainties in concentration measurements contribute a little to uncertainties in the GHG emissions.Implications:Energy supply utilities contribute a significant portion of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is important to accurately estimate GHG emissions with their uncertainties for reducing GHG emissions and mitigating climate change. GHG emissions can be estimated by an activity-based method and by continuous emission measurement (CEM), yet little study has been done to calculate GHG emissions with uncertainty analysis. This study estimates GHG emissions and their uncertainties, and also identifies major uncertainty contributors for each method.

PurposeThe present paper seeks to investigate the impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on the foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region for the period 1980–2017. This study relies on the information asymmetry theory, according to which IFRS adoption, as a positive signal for investors, should attract more FDI. This research is crucial and presents an interesting framework for providing a major motivation for empirical insights since the macroeconomic evidence on the impact of IFRS adoption on FDI is still unclear in the GCC region and no empirical evidence has been provided in the existing related literature.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis was conducted based on panel data from GCC countries over the period 1980–2017 and using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling approach and the pooled mean group (PMG) estimation method.FindingsThe findings indicate that the decision of adopting IFRS in GCC countries has a positive impact of 3% on FDI inflows in the short run. However, the adoption of IFRS in the region leads to a decrease of 10.4 % in FDI inflows in the long run.Practical implicationsThese findings should be of a major interest to regulators and policymakers in GCC countries, practitioners and academic researchers, international investors, managers and any other interested groups about the accounting environment in GCC countries and other developing countries having an interest in the economic consequences of IFRS adoption, as a driver of FDI, in developing countries.Originality/valueThis investigation provides original empirical evidence on the effect of IFRS adoption on FDI inflows within the context of the GCC area. In fact, the current international literature is lacking empirical evidence on the effect of IFRS adoption on FDI inflows for the GCC countries as a whole. Furthermore, this study offers an original methodological contribution to the macroeconomic impact of IFRS adoption literature by using the PMG estimator since there has been no research works to date that has used this method of estimation.

Conservation agriculture in its version of permanent raised bed planting with crop residue retention increases yields and improves soil characteristics, e.g. aggregate distribution, organic matter content, so it remained to be seen how greenhouse gas emissions and dynamics of C and N might be altered. The objective of this study was to investigate how conservation agriculture with permanent raised beds, tied ridges, i.e. dykes within the furrows to prevent water run-off, and residue retention affected greenhouse gas emissions. A field experiment was started in 1999 comparing permanent and conventionally tilled raised beds with different residue management under rain fed conditions. Soil was characterized and emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2 and dynamics of NH4+, NO2− and NO3− were monitored in a laboratory experiment. The crop and tied ridges had no effect on soil characteristics and dynamics of C and N. Tilled beds reduced the water holding capacity (WHC) 1.1 times and increased conductivity 1.3 times compared to soil under nontilled beds with retention of all crop residues. The WHC, organic C, soil microbial biomass and total N were ≥1.1 larger in soil from nontilled beds where the crop residue was retained compared to where it was removed after only 6 years. The emission of CO2 was 1.2 times and production of NO3− 1.8 times larger in nontilled beds where the crop residue was retained compared to where it was removed. The CO2 emission was 1.2 times and the emission of N2O after 1 day 2.3 times larger in soil under tilled beds compared to nontilled beds with full residue retention, while the increase in concentration of NO3− was 0.05 mg N kg−1 soil in the former and 2.38 in the latter. We found that permanent raised bed planting with crop residue retention decreased emissions of N2O and CO2 compared to soil under conventionally tilled raised beds. Production of NO3− is larger in soil with permanent raised bed planting with crop residue retention compared to conventionally tilled raised beds.

Greenhouse gas emission from direct seeding paddy field under different rice tillage systems in central China

Climatic temperature controls the geographical patterns of coastal marshes greenhouse gases emissions over China

Dairy production systems represent a significant source of air pollutants such as greenhouse gases (GHG), that increase global warming, and ammonia (NH3), that leads to eutrophication and acidification of natural ecosystems. Greenhouse gases and ammonia are emitted both by conventional and organic dairy systems. Several studies have already been conducted to design practices that reduce greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from dairy systems. However, those studies did not consider options specifically applied to organic farming, as well as the multiple trade-offs occurring between these air pollutants. This article reviews agricultural practices that mitigate greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. Those practices can be applied to the most common organic dairy systems in northern Europe such as organic mixed crop-dairy systems. The following major points of mitigation options for animal production, crop production and grasslands are discussed. Animal production: the most promising options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the livestock management level involve either the improvement of animal production through dietary changes and genetic improvement or the reduction of the replacement rate. The control of the protein intake of animals is an effective means to reduce gaseous emissions of nitrogen, but it is difficult to implement in organic dairy farming systems. Considering the manure handling chain, mitigation options involve housing, storage and application. For housing, an increase in the amounts of straw used for bedding reduces NH3 emissions, while the limitation of CH4 emissions from deep litter is achieved by avoiding anaerobic conditions. During the storage of solid manure, composting could be an efficient mitigation option, depending on its management. Addition of straw to solid manure was shown to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions from the manure heaps. During the storage of liquid manure, emptying the slurry store before late spring is an efficient mitigation option to limit both CH4 and NH3 emissions. Addition of a wooden cover also reduces these emissions more efficiently than a natural surface crust alone, but may increase N2O emissions. Anaerobic digestion is the most promising way to reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions from storage and land spreading, without increasing NH3 emissions. At the application stage, NH3 emissions may be reduced by spreading manure during the coolest part of the day, incorporating it quickly and in narrow bands. Crop production: the mitigation options for crop production focus on limiting CO2 and N2O emissions. The introduction of perennial crops or temporary leys of longer duration are promising options to limit CO2 emissions by storing carbon in plants or soils. Reduced tillage or no tillage as well as the incorporation of crop residues also favour carbon sequestration in soils, but these practices may enhance N2O emissions. Besides, the improvement of crop N-use efficiency through effective management of manure and slurry, by growing catch crops or by delaying the ploughing of leys, is of prime importance to reduce N2O emissions. Grassland: concerning grassland and grazing management, permanent conversion from arable to grassland provides high soil carbon sequestration while increasing or decreasing the livestock density seems not to be an appropriate mitigation option. From the study of the multiple interrelations between gases and between farm compartments, the following mitigation options are advised for organic mixed crop-dairy systems: (1) actions for increasing energy efficiency or fuel savings because they are beneficial in any case, (2) techniques improving efficiency of N management at field and farm levels because they affect not only N2O and NH3 emissions, but also nitrate leaching, and (3) biogas production through anaerobic digestion of manure because it is a promising efficient method to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, even if the profitability of this expensive investment needs to be carefully studied. Finally, the way the farmer implements the mitigation options, i.e. his practices, will be a determining factor in the reduction of greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions.

Changes in land use management practices may have multiple effects on microclimate and soil properties that affect soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Soil surface GHG emissions need to be better quantified in order to assess the total environmental costs of current and possible alternative land uses in the Missouri River Floodplain (MRF). The objective of this study was to evaluate soil GHG emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O) in MRF soils under long-term agroforestry (AF), row-crop agriculture (AG) and riparian forest (FOR) systems in response to differences in soil water content, land use, and N fertilizer inputs. Intact soil cores were obtained from all three land use systems and incubated under constant temperature conditions for a period of 94 days using randomized complete block design with three replications. Cores were subjected to three different water regimes: flooded (FLD), optimal for CO2 efflux (OPT), and fluctuating. Additional N fertilizer treatments for the AG and AF land uses were included during the incubation and designated as AG-N and AF-N, respectively. Soil CO2 and N2O emissions were affected by the land use systems and soil moisture regimes. The AF land use resulted in significantly lower cumulative soil CO2 and N2O emissions than FOR soils under the OPT water regime. Nitrogen application to AG and AF did not increase cumulative soil CO2 emissions. FLD resulted in the highest soil N2O and CH4 emissions, but did not cause any increases in soil cumulative CO2 emissions compared to OPT water regime conditions. Cumulative soil CO2 and N2O emissions were positively correlated with soil pH. Soil cumulative soil CH4 emissions were only affected by water regimes and strongly correlated with soil redox potential.

Biochar addition has been recommended as a potential strategy for mitigating climate change. However, the number of studies simultaneously investigating the effects of biochar addition on CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions and sequentially global warming potential (GWP) is limited, especially concerning its effect on native soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization. An incubation experiment was conducted to investigate soil physicochemical properties, CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions and GWP in the treatments with 0% (CK), 1% (BC1) and 4% (BC4) cornstalk biochar additions, and clarify the priming effect of biochar on native SOC mineralization by the 13C tracer technique. Generally, biochar addition increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity, SOC and total nitrogen, but decreased NH4+-N and NO3--N. Compared with CK, BC1 and BC4 significantly reduced CO2 emissions by 20.7% and 28.0%, and reduced N2O emissions by 25.6% and 95.4%, respectively. However, BC1 significantly reduced CH4 emission by 43.6%, and BC4 increased CH4 emission by 19.3%. BC1 and BC4 significantly reduced the GWP by 20.8% and 29.3%, but there was no significant difference between them. Biochar addition had a negative priming effect on native SOC mineralization, which was the reason for the CO2 emission reduction. The negative priming effect of biochar was attributed to the physical protection of native SOC by promoting microaggregate formation and preferentially using soluble organic carbon in biochar. The N2O emission decrease was rooted in the reduction of nitrification and denitrification substrates by promoting the microbial assimilation of inorganic nitrogen. The inconsistency of CH4 emissions was attributed to the different relative contributions of CH4 production and oxidation under different biochar addition ratios. Our study suggests that 1% should be a more reasonable biochar addition ratio for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in sandy loam, and emphasizes that it is necessary to furtherly investigate nitrogen primary transformation rates and the relative contributions of CH4 production and oxidation by the 15N and 13C technique, which is helpful for comprehensively understanding the effect mechanisms of biochar addition on greenhouse gas emissions.