Oil Pollution in the Marine Environment II: Fates and Effects of Oil Spills

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsJohn W. FarringtonJohn W. Farrington is Dean emeritus at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Adjunct Professor at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth's School of Marine Science and Technology. He has conducted research focused on organic chemicals in the marine environment and has been involved in graduate education with the MIT/WHOI Joint Program for the majority of his 42 years in ocean sciences. He has been active at the science-policy interface in the local, national and international arenas and in “K-gray” education.Notes1. J. W. Farrington. “Oil Pollution in the Marine Environment I: Inputs, Big Spills, Small Spills, and Dribbles,” Environment November/December (2013): 3–13.2. GOMRI. Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative. http://www.gomri.org (accessed 7 January 2014).3. National Science Foundation. http://search.nsf.gov/search?q=RAPIDGrantsDeepWaterHorizon&spell=1&access=p&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-8&client=NSF&proxystylesheet=NSF2&site=NSF (accessed 17 February 2014); Local efforts, e.g., Sea Grant.4. BP, “BP Makes Gulf of Mexico Environmental Data Publicly Available,” press release, November 18, 2013. http://www.bp.con/en/global/corporate/press/pressreleases/bp-makes-gom-environmental will be available on http://gulfsciencedata.bp.com5. NOAA, http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/deepwaterhorizon/s[pecialcollections.html (accessed 2 February 2014); NOAA, http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/deepwaterhorizon/insitu.html (accessed 2 February 2014).6. C. H. Peterson, “The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Alaska: Acute, Indirect and Chronic Effects on the Ecosystem,” Advances in Marine Biology 39 (2001): 1–103; C. H. Peterson, S. D. Rice, J. W. Short, D. Esler, J. L. Bodkin, B. E. Ballachey, and D. B. Irons. “Long-Term, Ecosystem Response to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill,” Science 302 (2003): 2082–86; J. A. Wiens (ed.), Oil in the Environment: Legacies and Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013).7. R. Burwood and G. C. Speers. “Photo-Oxidation as a Factor in the Environmental Dispersal of Crude Oil,” Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 2 (1974): 117–35.8. Royal Society, “The Effects of Oil Pollution: Some Research Needs” (London, UK: The Royal Society, 1980); National Research Council, Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates and Effects (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1985); National Research Council, Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates and Effects (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003C. Dawe and J. Stegeman, “Symposium on Chemically Contaminated Aquatic Food Resources and Human Cancer Risk,” Environmental Health Perspectives 90 (1991): 3–1549. See note 8.10. J. W. Short, G. V. Irvine, D. H. Mann, J. M. Maselko, J. J. Pella, M. R. Lindeberg, J. R. Payne, W. B. Driskell, and S. D. Rice, “Slightly Weathered Exxon Valdez oil Persists in Gulf of Alaska Beach Sediments After 16 years,” Environmental Science and Technology 41 (2007): 1245–50.11. See note 6.12. J. Oudot and F. Chaillan, “Pyrolysis of Asphaltenes and Biomarkers for the Fingerprinting of the Amoco-Cadiz Oil Spill After 23 Years,” Comptes Rendus Chimie 13 (2010): 548–52.13. See notes 8; M. Blumer and J. Sass, “Oil Pollution: Persistence and Degradation of Spilled Fuel Oil,” Science 176 (1972): 1120–22; M. Blumer and J. Sass, “Indigenous and Petroleum-Derived Hydrocarbons in a Polluted Sediment,” Marine Pollution Bulletin 3 (1972): 92–94; P. S. Galstoff, “Oil Pollution in Coastal Waters,” Proceedings of the North American Wildlife Conference called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1936), 550–55.14. See National Research Council, note 8.15. National Research Council, Spills of Nonfloating Oils: Risk and Response (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1999).16. Report to the President, “Deep Water. The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling,” National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (January, 2001). Washington, DC. http://www.gpo.gov/fdys/pkg/GPO-OILCOMMISSION.pdf; also see National Research Council, note 8, and references therein.17. J. Lubchenco, M. K. McNutt, G. Dreyfus, S. D. A. Murawski, D. M. Kennedy, P. T. Anastas, S. Chu, and T. Hunter, “Science in Support of the Deepwater Horizon Response,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (2012): 20212–21.18. A. R. Diercks, R. C. Highsmith, V. L. Asper, D.-J. Joung, Z. Zhou, L. Guo, A, M. Shiller, S. B. Joye, A. P. Teske, N. Guinaso, T. L. Wade, and S. E. Lohrenz, “Characterization of Subsurface Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at the Deepwater Horizon Site,” Geophysical Research Letters 37 (2010): L20602, doi:10.1029/2010GL045046, 1–6; R. Camilli, C. R. Reddy, D. R. Yoerger, B. A. S. Van Mooy, M. V. Jakuba, J. C. Kinsey, C. P. McIntyre, S. P. Sylva, and J. V. Maloney. “Tracking Hydrocarbon Plume Transport and Biodegradation at Deepwater Horizon,” Science 330 (2010): 201–4.19. See note 8.20. J. G. Leahy and R. R. Colwell, “Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbons,” Microbiology Review 54 (1990): 305–15; R. M. Atlas and T. C. Heezen, “Oil Biodegradation and Bioremediation: A Tale of the Two Worst Oil Spills in U. S. History,” Environmental Science and Technology 45 (2011): 6709–15.21. P. L. Gross and J. S. Mattson, The Argo Merchant Oil Spill: A Preliminary Scientific Report, (Boulder, CO: NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, 1977).22. Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Marine Microbiology Initiative, http://moore.org/programs/science/marine-microbiology-initative (accessed 7 February 2014).23. T. C. Heezen, E. A. Dublinsky, T. Z. DeSantis, G. L. Anderson, Y. M. Piceno, N. Singh, J. K. Jansson, A. Probost, S. E. Borglin, J. L. Fortney, W. T. Stringfellow, M. Bill, M. E. Conrad, L. M. Tom, K. L. Chavarria, T. R. Alusi, R. lamendella, D. C. Joyner, C. Spier, J. Baelum, M. Auer, M. L. Zemlin, R. Chakraborty, E. L. Sonnenthal, P. D'gaeseleer, H-Yn. Holman, S. Osman, Z. Lu, J. D. Van Nostrand, Y. Deng, J. Zhou, and O. U. Mason, “Deep-Sea Oil Plume Enriches Indigenous Oil-Degrading Bacteria,” Science 330 (2010): 204–8; D. L. Valentine, J. D. Kessler, M. C. Redmond, S. D. Medes, M. B. Heintz, C. Farwell, L. Hu, F. S. Kinnaman, S. Yvon-Lewius, M. Du, E. W. Chan, F. G. Tigeros, and C. J. Villanueva, “Propane Respiration Jump-Starts Microbial Response to a Deep Oil Spill,” Science 330 (2010): 208–11.24. See Atlas and Heezen, note 20; and S. B. Joye, I. R. Macdonald, I. Leifer, and V. Asper, “Magnitude and Oxidation Potential of Hydrocarbon Gases Released From the BP Blowout,” Nature Geoscience 4 (2011): 160–4.25. See National Research Council (2003) and Dawe and Stegman, note 8.26. See Gross and Mattson, note 21.27. Personal observation of the author.28. See note 8.29. R. B. Spies, “The Biological Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Sea,” in D. F. Boesch and N. N. Rabalais, eds., Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development (New York, NY: Elsevier Applied Science, 1987), 411–67; J. M. Capuzzo, “Biological Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Assessment From Experimental Results,” in D. F. Boesch and N. N. Rabalais, eds., Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development (New York, NY: Elsevier Applied Science, 1987), 343–410.30. See National Research Council (2003) in note 8; see note 29.31. 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