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Abstract
Machine learning (ML) offers new technologies in the precision agriculture domain with its intelligent algorithms and strong computation. Oil palm is one of the rich crops that is also emerging with modern technologies to meet global sustainability standards. This article presents a comprehensive review of research dedicated to the application of ML in the oil palm agricultural industry over the last decade (2011–2020). A systematic review was structured to answer seven predefined research questions by analysing 61 papers after applying exclusion criteria. The works analysed were categorized into two main groups: (1) regression analysis used to predict fruit yield, harvest time, oil yield, and seasonal impacts and (2) classification techniques to classify trees, fruit, disease levels, canopy, and land. Based on defined research questions, investigation of the reviewed literature included yearly distribution and geographical distribution of articles, highly adopted algorithms, input data, used features, and model performance evaluation criteria. Detailed quantitative–qualitative investigations have revealed that ML is still underutilised for predictive analysis of oil palm. However, smart systems integrated with machine vision and artificial intelligence are evolving to reform oil palm agri-business. This article offers an opportunity to understand the significance of ML in the oil palm agricultural industry and provides a roadmap for future research in this domain.
Highlights
Palm oil is a key source of edible vegetable oil extracted from fruits of the oil palm tree
The results suggest that approximately 84% of work in the lit literature was dedicated to classification techniques, while the remaining 16% of work erature was dedicated to classification techniques, while the remaining 16% of work wa was focused on regression analysis for forecasting
This study investigated existing research on the application of machine learning in oil palm actively carried out by researchers during the last decade (2011–2020)
Summary
Palm oil is a key source of edible vegetable oil extracted from fruits of the oil palm tree. It has emerged as an important feedstock and biofuel raw material [1,2]. To overcome the negative impacts of oil palm farming by making it a key element of building a future sustainable world, plant science faces three major challenges. Average annual raw crop production remains 12–18 tons h−1 in industrial oil palm under favourable conditions [26]. Some seasonal variations exist in oil palm yield, this divergence is limited to production capacity [30]. Some additional yield-reducing factors are fertilizers’ limitations, irrigation limitations, pests, and infections
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