Abstract
The “Dutch Energy Agreement” motivates governments and industries to invest in renewable energy sources, of which offshore wind energy is one of the solutions to meet the agreed target of 16% of the total energy budget from renewable resources by 2023. An option for the multi-use of wind farms is nature-inclusive building, in which the design and construction of wind farms make use of the potential for co-design with oyster bed restoration. This can support the government’s ambitions, for the Dutch North Sea, to achieve biodiversity goals, restore ecosystem functions, and enhance ecosystem services, including future seafood production. For the recovery of flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) beds, knowledge is required about the conditions under which active restoration of this species in the North Sea can be successfully implemented. This paper gives a framework and presents results to determine suitability of wind farms for flat oyster restoration, and provides recommendations for pilot studies. Our analysis showed that a number of wind farms in the Dutch section of the North Sea are suitable locations for development of flat oyster beds. Combining oyster restoration and oyster culture, as a protein source, is a viable option worth investigating.
Highlights
The “Dutch Energy Agreement”, a document by the Dutch government and dozens of organizations and interest groups, presents the energy ambitions and targets up until 2023 and beyond. This agreement motivates governments and industries to invest in renewable energy sources, of which offshore wind energy is one of the solutions to meet the agreed 16% increase in the share of renewable energy by 2023
For the recovery of flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) beds, knowledge is required about the conditions under which active restoration of this species in the North Sea can be successfully implemented
Our analysis showed that a number of wind farms in the Dutch section of the North Sea are suitable locations for flat oysters and for the development of flat oyster beds
Summary
The “Dutch Energy Agreement”, a document by the Dutch government and dozens of organizations and interest groups, presents the energy ambitions and targets up until 2023 and beyond. Alongside its contribution to protein intake, the value of fish is even stronger for poor consumers because of its micro-nutrient and lipid content [1]. This trend requires a more flexible food provision system and new sources. The current production, production methods, and value chains should be assessed, improved, and optimized This needs to coincide with the arrangement of adapted locations and suitable space, as well as with an adequate governance strategy. Because limits in the wild capture fisheries have been reached, with demand unable to be supported, aquaculture is considered the major future seafood contributor [5,6]
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