Abstract
Animal breeding and management of organic wastes pose a serious problem to the health of livestock and workers, as well as the nearby residents. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanisms of toxicity of selected common odorous compounds from poultry manure, including ammonia, dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), butyric acid, phenol, and indole. We measured their genotoxic and cytotoxic activity in the model chicken cell line (LMH), in vitro, by comet assay and lactate dehydrogenase assay, respectively. We also made microscopic observations of any morphological changes in these cells by DAPI staining. Four compounds, namely ammonia, DMA, TMA, and butyric acid increased DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), reaching genotoxicity as high as 73.2 ± 1.9%. Phenol and indole induced extensive DNA damage independent of the concentration used. Ammonia, DMA, and TMA caused a dose-dependent release of lactate dehydrogenase (p < 0.05). The IC50 values were 0.02%, 0.05%, and 0.1% for DMA, ammonia and TMA, respectively. These compounds also induced nuclear morphological changes, such as chromatin condensation, shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation (apoptotic bodies), and chromatin lysis. Our study exhibited the damaging effects of odorous compounds in chick LMH cell line.
Highlights
IntroductionEmissions of odorous compounds from chicken sheds can lead to odour problems in the surrounding area, which lead to complaints from residents [2]
Air emission sources from animal production include buildings, animal feedlot surfaces, manure storage and treatment units, silage piles, and a variety of other smaller emission sources [1].Emissions of odorous compounds from chicken sheds can lead to odour problems in the surrounding area, which lead to complaints from residents [2]
We demonstrated the cytotoxicity of selected odorous compounds using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and PrestoBlue assays in the chicken Leghorn Male Hepatoma (LMH) cell line [10]
Summary
Emissions of odorous compounds from chicken sheds can lead to odour problems in the surrounding area, which lead to complaints from residents [2]. An unpleasant odour is associated with poultry manure, which results from a combination of up to 150 different compounds, including ammonia, amines, mercaptans, aldehydes, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur compounds, and esters [2,3,4]. The odours are mainly the products of the decomposition of chicken faeces, feathers, and litter by aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Each of these sources has a different emission profile, fluctuating during the day and throughout the year [1]. An effective odour removal technique is a great challenge
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