Abstract
Ocular injury produced by intense light sources has troubled man for a long time, solar eclipse burns, snow blindness, glassblower’s cataracts, and corneal injury from arc welders being examples of these early concerns. Flash blindness from large naval guns has also been of concern to the Navy. The potential for corneal injury from solar radiation, specifically the UV, during extravehicular activities required NASA to provide helmets with adequate attenuation properties for the lunar landings. The potential for retinal damage and flash blindness from the thermal emission of nuclear detonations also required eye protection for observers at the first detonation in 1945—with studies of retinal injury and flash blindness undertaken early in the weapons testing program that followed. Concurrently, MeyerSchwickerath developed the Zeiss Xenon photocoagulator for treatment of eye disorders—particularly detached retina and diabetic retinopathy. Currently, the argon laser and the Nd YAG laser are very effective light sources for the treatment of retinal problems.
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