Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A or DYRK1A, contributes to central nervous system development in a dose-sensitive manner. Triallelic DYRK1A is implicated in the neuropathology of Down syndrome, whereas haploinsufficiency causes the rare DYRK1A-related intellectual disability syndrome (also known as mental retardation 7). It is characterised by intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder and microcephaly with a typical facial gestalt. Preclinical studies elucidate a role for DYRK1A in eye development and case studies have reported associated ocular pathology. In this study families of the DYRK1A Syndrome International Association were asked to self-report any co-existing ocular abnormalities. Twenty-six patients responded but only 14 had molecular confirmation of a DYRK1A pathogenic variant. A further nineteen patients from the UK Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project were identified and combined with 112 patients reported in the literature for further analysis. Ninety out of 145 patients (62.1%) with heterozygous DYRK1A variants revealed ocular features, these ranged from optic nerve hypoplasia (13%, 12/90), refractive error (35.6%, 32/90) and strabismus (21.1%, 19/90). Patients with DYRK1A variants should be referred to ophthalmology as part of their management care pathway to prevent amblyopia in children and reduce visual comorbidity, which may further impact on learning, behaviour, and quality of life.
Highlights
DYRK1A is composed of 13 exons, which encode the 763 amino acid dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A, or DYRK1A protein
Within the central nervous system (CNS), DYRK1A is involved in dendritic arborization [6,7,8], cell cycle control, neural development and axon growth through interactions with various processes such as the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and cAMP response-element binding (CREB) pathways [6,9,10,11]
Optic nerve hypoplasia was seen in 42.9% (6/14) of patients
Summary
DYRK1A is composed of 13 exons, which encode the 763 amino acid dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A, or DYRK1A protein. This proline directed kinase is part of the DYRK family of five members (DYRK1A, DYRK1B, DYRK2, DYRK3 and DYRK4). Haploinsufficiency of DYRK1A through chromosomal loss of heterozygosity, microdeletions or intragenic mutation causes the rare DYRK1A-related intellectual disability syndrome, which was first detected through karyotype analysis of partial monosomy of chromosome 21 [18,19,20]. Comparative genomic hybridization has since allowed the discovery of a number of cases of chromosome 21 microdeletions, and the syndrome was termed autosomal dominant mental retardation 7 (MRD7, MIM#614104) [21,22,23,24,25,26]. Nextgeneration sequencing has allowed the identification of numerous point and frameshift variants in DYRK1A [27,28,29,30,31]
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