Ocular involvement in rheumatoid arthritis – literature review

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common systemic autoimmune disease that can be associated with ocular complications – keratoconjunctivitis sicca, episcleritis, scle­ri­tis, corneal changes and retinal vasculitis. The purpose of the review is to illustrate the ocular mani­fes­ta­tions of RA, focusing on pathogenesis, clinical examination and the­ra­peutic management. Eye manifestations in RA benefit from the use of artificial tears, eye gels, ointments or topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids. Nonresponsive or severe forms should benefit from topical drops containing the supply of immunosuppressants or cy­clo­sporine A. Rheumatic disease-modifying medication (DMARDs) has been reported to be effective in patients with refractory or corticosteroid-dependent cases. Bio­lo­gi­cal substances – infliximab, adalimumab and ri­tu­xi­mab – can be used successfully in patients considered nonresponders to synthetic therapy. Surgical treatment is re­served for severe cases, which are associated with local com­pli­ca­tions. In conclusion, collaborative efforts between oph­thal­mo­lo­gists and rheumatologists in the assessment and treatment of patients with RA are essential for the effective management of any ocular complications that may occur. rheumatoid arthritis, ocular manifestations, specific therapy