Abstract
This report describes the typical manifestations of chloroquine retinopathy with some advanced new technology. A series of examinations were performed on the patients, including the fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, GDxVCC Nerve Fiber Analyzer, full-field electroretinography, multifocal electroretinography and visual field examinations, to provide a better understanding of chloroquine retinopathy.
Highlights
Chloroquine has long been used in the treatment and prevention of malaria[1,2,3,4], and for a long time, the agent is still being used to treat other diseases
We are not trying to provide information which would help in the early screening for chloroquine retinopathy, but to describe the typical manifestations of chloroquine retinopathy with some advanced new technology which have not been applied on this disease before, believing that it would provide a better understanding of chloroquine retinopathy
Histological analysis of human and animal retinas with chloroquine toxicity has demonstrated the loss of ganglion cells, photoreceptors, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which likely result from inhibition of lysosomal phospholipases and protein synthesis
Summary
Chloroquine has long been used in the treatment and prevention of malaria[1,2,3,4], and for a long time, the agent is still being used to treat other diseases. Due to its immunosuppressive effects, chloroquine has been used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus. Chloroquine has been tested in clinical trials as an antiretroviral agent against HIV [5] and as a radiosensitizer and chemosensitizer for human cancer therapy [6]. The side effects of Chloroquine, including ocular toxicities, limit its long-term use [2,3,4,6]. We describe two patients who developed severe ocular toxicity following long-term chloroquine treatment. We are not trying to provide information which would help in the early screening for chloroquine retinopathy, but to describe the typical manifestations of chloroquine retinopathy with some advanced new technology which have not been applied on this disease before, believing that it would provide a better understanding of chloroquine retinopathy
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