Ocular adverse events associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a real-world study based on the FAERS database and network pharmacology

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluates the risk of ocular adverse events (AEs) associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) using data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and network pharmacology methods. Methods FAERS data from 2004 to 2024 were analyzed for ocular AEs linked to GLP-1 RA treatments. Disproportionality analysis (Reporting Odds Ratio, ROR) was used to identify signals, and a drug-gene interaction network explored potential mechanisms. Results Among 17,785,793 FAERS reports, semaglutide and lixisenatide were significantly associated with ocular AEs, with RORs of 1.25 (95% CI, 1.20-1.31) and 1.96 (95% CI, 1.70-2.27), respectively. Commonly reported AEs included blurred vision, visual impairment, and diabetic retinopathy, with some AEs occurring as early as 10 days after treatment initiation. Gene enrichment analysis highlighted potential links between GLP-1-related genes and ocular AEs. Conclusion The widespread use of GLP-1 RAs has raised concerns regarding their ophthalmic safety. This study contributes new evidence from real-world data, suggesting that semaglutide and lixisenatide are associated with significant risks of ocular AEs. Further experimental studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and confirm these associations.