Abstract
Abstract. This paper describes recent developments based on advances in coastal ocean forecasting in the fields of numerical modeling, data assimilation, and observational array design, exemplified by the Coastal Observing System for the North and Arctic Seas (COSYNA). The region of interest is the North and Baltic seas, and most of the coastal examples are for the German Bight. Several pre-operational applications are presented to demonstrate the outcome of using the best available science in coastal ocean predictions. The applications address the nonlinear behavior of the coastal ocean, which for the studied region is manifested by the tidal distortion and generation of shallow-water tides. Led by the motivation to maximize the benefits of the observations, this study focuses on the integration of observations and modeling using advanced statistical methods. Coastal and regional ocean forecasting systems do not operate in isolation but are linked, either weakly by using forcing data or interactively using two-way nesting or unstructured-grid models. Therefore, the problems of downscaling and upscaling are addressed, along with a discussion of the potential influence of the information from coastal observatories or coastal forecasting systems on the regional models. One example of coupling coarse-resolution regional models with a fine-resolution model interface in the area of straits connecting the North and Baltic seas using a two-way nesting method is presented. Illustrations from the assimilation of remote sensing, in situ and high-frequency (HF) radar data, the prediction of wind waves and storm surges, and possible applications to search and rescue operations are also presented. Concepts for seamless approaches to link coastal and regional forecasting systems are exemplified by the application of an unstructured-grid model for the Ems Estuary.
Highlights
Scientific developments are at the heart of newly emerging coastal ocean services supporting blue and green growth (She et al, 2016)
Because (1) the tidal forcing is the most important in the North Sea with respect to the amount of mechanical energy provided, (2) the response to atmospheric forcing has been widely addressed for the North Sea (Backhaus, 1989; Skogen et al, 2011; Dangendorf et al, 2014), and (3) the shallow-water tides, which are very important in the coastal ocean, are not sufficiently addressed in the literature, we focus on the capabilities of different models to adequately simulate tidal distortion
One of the aims of the present study was to present recent developments in coastal ocean forecasting with a focus on new modeling issues, coupling between models, data assimilation, and research focused on practical applications
Summary
Scientific developments are at the heart of newly emerging coastal ocean services supporting blue and green growth (She et al, 2016). The loss of predictability (short memory of coastal systems) is associated with nonlinear transfer and the growth of errors The consideration of these nonlinear effects, which is one of the major subjects in the present study, is addressed using astronomical and shallow-water tide examples. The area of major interest in the present study, the German Bight, which is in the southeastern corner of the North Sea, is where the tidal wave undergoes a pronounced distortion, exemplifying the transition between the regional and coastal ocean. It addresses the upscaling problem, which is at the heart of interfacing coastal and regional forecasting systems. Short conclusions and an outlook are presented at the end
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