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Abstract
A survey including 228 pig feed samples from Spain has been developed, exploring the occurrence of 19 mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, fumonisins B1 and B2, citrinin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, enniatins A, A1, B and B2, and beauvericin). The samples were analysed by solid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence or mass spectrometry detection. Enniatin B was found in 100% of the samples (up to 1200 µg/kg) and beauvericin in more than 90%. Moreover, 40% of samples were contaminated with more than five mycotoxins. This high occurrence is insurmountable and surpasses all previous studies, probably due to the inclusion of emerging mycotoxins, scarcely explored. The majority of the samples (96.9%) were in accordance with EU regulations, which do not address emerging mycotoxins or co-occurrence. These results show that in order to ensure mycotoxin absence, emerging mycotoxins should always be considered.
Highlights
The European Union (EU) ensures the safety of foods by setting maximum levels of different contaminants including mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi that can contaminate food during harvesting, processing or storage
Several mycotoxins are included in the EU legislation and maximum contents have been established in different raw materials and food commodities
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has published different scientific opinions about the risks to animal health related to the presence of different mycotoxins [8]
Summary
The European Union (EU) ensures the safety of foods by setting maximum levels of different contaminants including mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi (as Aspergillus, Fusarium or Penicillium) that can contaminate food during harvesting, processing or storage. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has published different scientific opinions about the risks to animal health related to the presence of different mycotoxins [8] One of these opinions about the risks to human and animal health, related to the presence of BEA and ENNs in food and feed, concluded that in the absence of toxicological data for most livestock animals, research studies on their adverse effects are required [9]. Given their relatively high susceptibility to Fusarium toxins and the high content of cereals in their diet, pigs should be given the highest priority. (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the rest, while solid-liquid extraction was used as sample treatment
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