Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Humans, Rodents, Chickens, and Household Soils in Karatu, Northern Tanzania.

Valery Silvery Sonola,Mecky Isaac Matee,Gerald Misinzo

doi:10.3390/ijerph18168496

Abstract

We conducted this study to investigate the isolation frequency and phenotypic antibiotic resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from rodents, chickens, humans, and household soils. Specimens were plated onto mannitol salt agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24 h. Presumptive colonies of S. aureus were subjected to Gram staining, as well as catalase, deoxyribonuclease (DNAse), and coagulase tests for identification. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK). The antibiotics tested were tetracycline (30 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), clindamycin (2 μg), and amoxicillin-clavulanate (20 μg/10 μg). The S. aureus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25,923 was used as the standard organism. We found that 483 out of 956 (50.2%) samples were positive for S. aureus. The isolation frequencies varied significantly between samples sources, being 52.1%, 66.5%, 74.3%, and 24.5%, respectively, in chickens, humans, rodents, and soil samples (p < 0.001). S. aureus isolates had high resistance against clindamycin (51.0%), erythromycin (50.9%), and tetracycline (62.5%). The overall prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus isolates was 30.2%, with 8.7% resistant to at least four different classes of antibiotics.

Highlights

Introduction published maps and institutional affilStaphylococcus aureus is both an opportunistic pathogen and a commensal microbe that colonizes a wide range of hosts, including humans, livestock, wild ungulates, and the environment [1,2,3]
The pathogenicity of S. aureus is influenced by two important features: its ability to resist more than three classes of antibiotics [10] and the capacity to produce several toxins [2,11]
AMC = amoxicillin-clavulanate, TE = tetracycline, E = erythromycin, CD = clindamycin, CIP = ciprofloxacin, and CN = gentamycin. This is the first study to investigate the carriage of S. aureus in chickens, humans, rodents, and soils in a household environment in Tanzania

Summary

Introduction

Staphylococcus aureus is both an opportunistic pathogen and a commensal microbe that colonizes a wide range of hosts, including humans, livestock, wild ungulates, and the environment [1,2,3]. S. aureus is a leading cause of different infections in humans that range from minor skin infections to life-threatening diseases, such as pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and sepsis [2,4,5]. Multidrug-resistant bacteria have increased worldwide, resulting in the sharing of their genes with commensal microorganisms in humans, animals, and the environment and endangering public health [12]. Rodents have been extensively documented to carry and transmit different zoonotic pathogens, including iations

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Conclusion