Occurrence of Dental Injuries and Periodontal Complications in Tongue-piercing Jewellery Users.

Abstract

Tongue piercing (TP) has been gaining in popularity, mainly among adolescents and young adults, and there has been a corresponding increase in reports of dental injury and adverse effects on periodontal tissue due to TP jewellery. The purpose of this study was to assess the type and prevalence of dental injury and periodontal complications in a group of Slovenian adolescents and young adults with TP in comparison with a control group. This case-control study included 17 subjects with TP (study group) and 28 subjects without TP (control group). Subjects were clinically examined for dental injuries, as classified according to Andreasen. Periodontal complications were evaluated using an estimation of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and gingival recession (GR). Differences in categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-squared or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Differences between the groups in numerical variables were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test. A multiple logistic regression model was built to test the association between dental injuries and TP when controlling for cofounders, namely age and gender of study participants. The significance level was set at α = 0.05 (two-tailed). Subjects with TP had 12.2 higher odds of dental injury (CI = 2.2-67.7, p = 0.004) compared with subjects without TP. Enamel fractures were more prevalent in the study group (p = 0.002). Frequencies of other dental injuries in the two groups were similar. GR was significantly associated with TP (p = 0.008), while differences in CAL between the groups were not statistically significant. Subjects with tongue piercing had more dental injuries and gingival recession.