Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2014–2016 in 301 ruminant herds to estimate C. jejuni and C. coli prevalence, and investigate their susceptibility to antimicrobials. Risk of shedding C. jejuni was higher in cattle than sheep (81.2% vs. 45.2%; ORadj = 5.22, p < 0.001), whereas risk of shedding C. coli was higher in sheep than in cattle (19.1% vs. 11.3%; ORadj = 1.71, p = 0.128). Susceptibility to six antimicrobials was determined by broth microdilution using European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) epidemiological cut-off values. C. coli exhibited higher resistance (94.1%, 32/34) than C. jejuni (65.1%, 71/109), and resistance was more widespread in isolates from dairy cattle than beef cattle or sheep. Compared to results obtained 10-years earlier (2003–2005) in a similar survey, an increase in fluoroquinolone-resistance was observed in C. jejuni from beef cattle (32.0% to 61.9%; OR = 3.45, p = 0.020), and a decrease in tetracycline-resistance in C. jejuni from dairy cattle (75.0% to 43.2%; OR = 0.25, p = 0.026). Resistance to macrolides remained stable at low rates and restricted to C. coli from dairy cattle, with all macrolide-resistant C. coli showing a pattern of pan-resistance. Presence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated to quinolone and macrolide resistance was confirmed in all phenotypically resistant isolates. The increase in fluoroquinolone resistance is worrisome but susceptibility to macrolides is reassuring.
Highlights
Campylobacter is the main cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in industrialized countries and the cause of the most frequently reported zoonosis in the European Union (EU)
C. jejuni was the most frequently detected species, present in 85.4% of dairy cattle herds, 77.9% of beef cattle herds, and 45.2% of sheep flocks, whereas C. coli was found in 17.1% of dairy cattle herds, 6.7% of beef cattle herds and 19.1% of sheep flocks
Consistently with other studies in ruminants [18,19], we found that cattle presented significantly higher risk of shedding C. jejuni than sheep, while risk of shedding C. coli was non-significantly higher in sheep than in cattle
Summary
Campylobacter is the main cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in industrialized countries and the cause of the most frequently reported zoonosis in the European Union (EU). In 2017, 246,158 confirmed cases of campylobacteriosis in humans were reported in the EU, which accounted to an average notification rate of 64.8 per 100,000 population [1]. In the Basque Country, notification rate in the same year was 104.2/100,000 inhabitants, mainly concentrating among young patients (40.6% in
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