Occurrence and Solid−Liquid Partition of Sulfonated Naphthalene−Formaldehyde Condensates in the Aquatic Environment

Abstract

Sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNFC) are high production volume chemicals used in a variety of applications, for example, as concrete plasticizers, tanning agents, or dye dispersants. They enter the aquatic environment primarily by the wastewater path. The occurrence and fate of the monomers, which are different isomers of mono- and disulfonated naphthalene, was intensively investigated in previous studies. However, the environmental fate of the persistent higher molecular SNFC is so far widely unknown. This paper describes an ultrasonic extraction under alkaline conditions, followed by ion-pair HPLC with fluorescence detection for the analysis of SNFC oligomers from solid environmental matrixes such as sewage sludge, suspended solids, and river sediments. Limits of quantification of about 0.1 mg kg-1 d.m. were well below the measured concentrations in environmental samples. SNFC were adsorbed to suspended solids and river sediments in three major German rivers (Rhine, Neckar, and Danube) in concentrations typically up to several mg kg(-1) d.m. A total content of about 4 g kg(-1) d.m. was measured in a sewage sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, which receives wastewater from a textile dyeing plant. Furthermore, the first quantitative field data on the partition of SNFC and their monomers between the aqueous phase and solid environmental compartments are presented. Solid-liquid partition coefficients (Kd) of oligomers with a chain-length ranging from three to six naphthalenesulfonate units were derived from the analysis of corresponding wastewater and sewage sludge samples and from suspended solids and river water samples, respectively. Determined Kd values were in the range from 10(2) to 10(4) L kg(-1).