Occurrence and risk assessment of antibiotics in the surface water of Chaohu Lake and its tributaries in China

Abstract

The extensive use of antibiotics for treating humans, animals, and plants has resulted in the contamination of aquatic environments, posing a potential threat to public health and aquatic life; hence, this topic is of great concern worldwide. Lakes are considered to be antibiotic-rich reservoirs because many of the antibiotics discharged from rivers enter lakes. Chaohu Lake is one of the top five freshwater lakes in China. This study aims to provide a current evaluation of the antibiotics present in the surface water of the Chaohu Lake basin. To this end, the occurrences of 18 antibiotics categorized into 5 different groups were investigated in the study area, and the impact of inflowing rivers on their distribution was assessed. The results showed that the concentrations of 14 antibiotics in water samples ranged from 0 to 892 ng/L, and that antibiotics were detected at most sampling sites. Among them, the Nanfeihe and Shiwulihe rivers, which are close to the city, contributed the most to antibiotic pollution, indicating the widespread occurrence of antibiotics in the study area. A risk assessment based on the risk quotient method indicated that ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and norfloxacin in the lake water posed a high ecological risk to algae, while sulfamethazine posed a high risk to plants (RQ >1).