Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenols (DONs), and zearalenones (ZENs) are common mycotoxins that contaminate feedstuff, causing contamination of poultry products. In our study, these mycotoxins were quantified in 152 egg samples collected from markets in Jiangsu (JS), Zhejiang (ZJ), and Shanghai (SH) and in 70 chicken tissue samples (liver, heart, and gizzard) from ZJ in China. The main mycotoxins observed in egg samples were DON, 15-AcDON, and ZEN, although only ZEN family mycotoxins (ZEN, α-ZEL, β-ZEL, and α-ZAL) were detected in chicken tissues. Furthermore, for the first time, we assessed the health risks of exposure of three populations (children, adults, and elder adults) to DONs (DON, 3-AcDON, and 15-AcDON) and ZEN in eggs (from three different areas) and to ZEN in chicken tissues. We show that the mean dietary intake (DI) values and the 97.5th percentile DI values of DON and ZEN through egg ingestion were lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) (1 μg/kg body weight (BW)/day) for the three populations in the three geographical areas studied. However, eggs contaminated with high levels of DONs and ZEN contributed to a large proportion of the PMTDI of these mycotoxins, especially in children and elder adults. Although ZEN was highly detected in the chicken tissues, no significant health risk was observed.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are natural small-molecule contaminants produced as secondary metabolites by fungi [1]
We developed a simple pretreatment method for multimycotoxin determination in eggs and chicken tissues by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry [23,24]
The present study investigated the levels of 12 mycotoxins including AFs, DONs, and ZENs in eggs from three different areas, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and chicken meat from Zhejiang
Summary
Mycotoxins are natural small-molecule contaminants produced as secondary metabolites by fungi [1]. Contamination by mycotoxins occurs frequently in chicken feed, including maize and other cereals [3]. Mycotoxins are relatively stable and readily enter animals and humans, causing. Toxins 2018, 10, 477 various toxic effects [4]. Aflatoxins (AFs), produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus molds, are classified as the most toxic. The evaluation of epidemiological and laboratory results demonstrated that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of naturally occurring mixtures of aflatoxins, which have been classified as a group I carcinogen by an international agency [6,7]. Type B trichothecenes have been associated with a spectrum of toxic effects in animals
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