Occurrence and Fate of Amoxicillin and Penicillin G Antibiotics in Hospital Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Case Study - Gonbad Kavous, Iran

Maryam Golchin,Mahsa Jahangiri-Rad,Mehdi Sadeghi,Mohsen Sadani,Mohammadreza Khani

doi:10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v75a11

Abstract

ABSTRACT Release of antibiotics to the environment as a result of wastewater effluent discharge is a cause for concern worldwide, as they pose a potential threat to human health and the earth ecosystem. Penicillin and amoxicillin are widely used antibiotics. Despite their rapid hydrolysis in aqueous matrices, their presence in the environment is widely investigated. The current study reported and analysed the current state of four hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Gonbad Kavous, Iran, during 2019, from the perspective of amoxicillin and penicillin G removals. WWTPs were sampled at various stages of the treatment process to determine at which stage the antibiotics are being removed. Concentrations of amoxicillin and penicillin G in raw wastewater, analysed by HPLC, varied from 0.35 to 1.02 and 0.02-0.31 /AgL-1, respectively. These values reduced in the final effluent, corresponding to overall efficiency in removing the studied antibiotics of 20-60.5%. Anaerobic processes (i.e. septic tank) slightly outperformed aerobic biological processes for both antibiotics' removal, and penicillin G was removed more efficiently than amoxicillin. Effects of wastewater physicochemical properties, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) on antibiotics removal, were also studied. Whereas statistically significant correlations were noticed between COD, amoxicillin and penicillin G removals, their decline showed no correlation with TSS removal. Our study shows that despite the deployment of treatment plants, a considerable amount of antibiotics is released into receiving water bodies, resulting in significant amounts of these pharmaceuticals entering the environment. There is abundant room for further progress in the detection and quantification of pharmaceuticals and other emerging contaminants in hospital wastewaters and their metabolites and biodegradation products. Keywords: amoxicillin; penicillin G; high-performance liquid chromatography; hospital wastewater treatment plants; removal.

Highlights

In recent years special attention has been paid to the existence of refractory emerging contaminants (RECs) in wastewaters, groundwater and surface waters
The concentrations of AMX and penicillin G (PEN G) in influents and following biological treatment of four hospitals are shown in Fig. 4 a and b, respectively
The respective mean concentrations of AMX and PEN G in the influent ranged from 13.3-18.47 μgL−1 and 3.12-4.75 μgL−1

Summary

Introduction

In recent years special attention has been paid to the existence of refractory emerging contaminants (RECs) in wastewaters, groundwater and surface waters. Physiochemical parameters including BOD5, COD and TSS were analysed in the influent and effluent to determine their possible effects on antibiotics removal.

Results

Conclusion