Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics and the induced antibiotic resistance genes have attracted much attention in recent years. The longshore sediments in the water-level-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir were selected to investigate the spatial-temporal distribution of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in two different operation stages (low-water level in summer and high-water level in winter). Three kinds of tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline) and three kinds of tetracycline resistance genes [tet(A), tet(C), and tet(M)] were analyzed and quantified. The results showed that the distribution of tetracyclines and resistance genes in riverine, transition and lacustrine zones showed a certain regularity, and the tetracycline antibiotics concentration and the total abundance of the tetracycline resistance genes were highest in the transition zone, and then the riverine zone. Meanwhile, there were significant seasonal variations of tetracycline and the resistance genes. The concentrations of the tetracycline and resistance genes were higher in summer than those in winter, while the relative abundance of resistance genes was higher in winter. It was suggested that the different seasonal distribution of antibiotics and resistance genes may be correlated with the reservoir operation in the Three Gorges Reservoir and the higher use of antibiotics in winter. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that the concentrations of the tetracycline, class 1 integron and 16S rRNA were positively correlated with the abundance of the tetracycline resistance genes.
Highlights
In recent years, with the widespread abuse of antibiotics in human medicine and animal husbandry, exogenous antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment have become an increasingly global problem (Sarmah et al, 2006)
This study demonstrated the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic and ARGs in the longshore sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China
The differences in hydrological conditions and surrounding environmental conditions probably led to different distribution characteristics of antibiotic and resistance genes in three typical zones of the TGR
Summary
With the widespread abuse of antibiotics in human medicine and animal husbandry, exogenous antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment have become an increasingly global problem (Sarmah et al, 2006). Compared with other antibiotics, TCs are more persistent, highly adsorptive and hardly degradable in soils and sediments (Chee-Sanford et al, 2009). They are more accumulated (Rabolle and Spliid, 2000; Sarmah et al, 2006; Jiang et al, 2011), posing a potential threat to ecosystems and human health
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