Occurrence and dissipation of three azole biocides climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole in biosolid-amended soils

Abstract

This study investigated the occurrence and dissipation of three azole biocides climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole in biosolid-amended soils of the three sites (Zhejiang, Hunan and Shandong) in China following three treatments (CK: control without biosolid application; T1: one biosolid application; T2: biosolid application every year). The results showed that climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole were present in the biosolid and biosolid-amended soils, but absent in the control soils. In the soils treated with biosolids, the concentrations of climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole were mostly lower in the Zhejiang soils than in the Shandong or Hunan soils, suggesting that these three biocides are more readily dissipated under the flooding condition. During the one year monitoring, the concentrations of climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole in the biosolid-applied soils showed only slight variations. The dissipation half-lives for miconazole calculated under the field conditions of Shandong site were 440days for T1 and the half-lives for clotrimazole were 365days for T2. The results suggested the persistence of these three biocides in the soil environments.