Occupational Hazards: The Impact of Streptococcus suis Infections in Portuguese Pig Farming

Abstract

Abstract Background In Portugal, the commensal and opportunistic bacteria Streptococcus suis is prevalent among pigs. Recognizing its public health significance, this systematic review investigates the relationship between occupational exposure in pig farming and the incidence of S. suis infections among workers. The importance of this study is to identify high-risk occupational activities and formulate effective public health interventions. Methods This review analyzed 20 scientific studies from 1986 to 2023 on human infections with S. suis in Portugal. The primary sources included articles in Portuguese from databases like MedLine, Scopus, and Pubmed. Studies were selected based on their focus on occupational exposure and the details provided on epidemiological context, clinical presentations, and outcomes. Results The review found that 85% of infection cases occurred in occupational settings, particularly among butchers (53%) and pig breeders or handlers (29%). Clinical manifestations predominantly included acute bacterial meningitis, with significant occurrences of neurosensory hearing loss as a sequelae. The average age of affected individuals was 44, predominantly male. Conclusions The study confirms a significant correlation between occupational exposure in pig farming and S. suis infections in humans. The findings underscore the need for stringent occupational health measures and integrated approaches encompassing human, animal, and environmental health under the One Health initiative. Innovations in public health interventions recommended include enhanced surveillance, improved workplace hygiene, and targeted health education for at-risk populations. Key messages • Occupational exposure in pig farming is a significant risk factor for S. suis infections in humans. • Integrative One Health approaches are essential for preventing S. suis infections in occupational settings.