Obtusin ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.

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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is linked to an increased risk of psychiatric and neurological conditions, largely due to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and microvascular damage associated with the disease. Emerging evidence suggests that Cassia seed extract has significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the therapeutic potential of obtusin, a major compound in Cassia seed, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of obtusin in the treatment of DR. Db/db mice were treated with obtusin (5 and 10mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Throughout the study, body weight, blood glucose levels, and lipid profiles were monitored. Retinal histopathology and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess the pharmacological effects of obtusin in vivo. Additionally, in vitro assays were conducted on human retinal microvascular endothelial cells cultured under high glucose conditions to explore obtusin's potential role in mitigating DR. Obtusin treatment in diabetic mice significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved dyslipidemia, thickened retinal layers, reduced retinal oxidative stress, and inhibited the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. It also lessened fundus microangiopathy and preserved the retina's normal barrier function. Mechanistic in vitro analysis suggested that obtusin targets the Poldip2-Nox4 oxidative stress axis and the NF-κB-MAPK-VEGFA inflammatory pathway, both of which are implicated in DR. Our findings suggest that the Poldip2-Nox4 oxidative stress axis and the NF-κB-MAPK-VEGFA inflammatory pathway could be therapeutic targets for obtusin in the treatment of DR and its associated psychiatric and neurological conditions.