Abstract

The intense debate on the globalization of innovation has drawn increasing attention to multinational enterprises (MNEs) as creators of innovation across national boundaries (e.g. Cantwell, 1989, 1995; Niosi, 1999; Petit and Sanna-Randaccio, 2000). The development of cross-border corporate integration and intra-border inter-company sectoral integration makes it increasingly important to examine where and how innovative activities by MNEs are internationally dispersed and regionally concentrated (Zanfei, 2000; Cantwell and Piscitello, 2002; Cantwell and Iammarino, 2003).

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