Abstract
With the extension of the spectral exploitation of optical fibers beyond the C-band, accurate modeling and simulation of nonlinear interference (NLI) generation is of the utmost performance. Models and numerical simulation tools rely on the widely used Manakov equation (ME): however, this approach when considering also the effect of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is formally valid only over a narrow optical bandwidth. In order to analyze the range of validity of the ME and its applicability to future wide-band systems, we present numerical simulations, showing the interplay between NLI generation and PMD over long dispersion-uncompensated optical links, using coherent polarization division multiplexing (PDM) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats. Using a Monte-Carlo analysis of different PMD realizations based on the coupled nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equations, we show that PMD has a negligible effect on NLI generation, independently from the total system bandwidth. Based on this, we give strong numerical evidence that the ME can be safely used to estimate NLI generation well beyond its bandwidth of validity that is limited to the PMD coherence bandwidth.
Highlights
To increase the capacity of coherent optical systems and re-configurable and transparent optical networks [1, 2] with respect the present level a viable solution is to extend the exploited optical bandwidth beyond the currently used spectral region in the C-band [3]
It was widely shown that, with state-of-the-art transceivers based on polarization division multiplexing (PDM) and multilevel modulation formats with coherent detection, the main capacity-limiting effects are amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise introduced by optical amplifiers and nonlinear interference (NLI) [7]
In this case polarization mode dispersion (PMD) induces a small increase of NLI, which is stronger on PDM-QPSK
Summary
To increase the capacity of coherent optical systems and re-configurable and transparent optical networks [1, 2] with respect the present level a viable solution is to extend the exploited optical bandwidth beyond the currently used spectral region in the C-band [3] In this transmission scenario, the optical physical layer plays a crucial role on overall performances, since it affects network design, management and orchestration [4, 5]. It was shown that, in all most common conditions, NLI can be accurately approximated as an AWGN source [9] This key simplifying approximation allows the development of simple and effective models to predict the power spectral density of the generated NLI [10,11,12]. These models are used to derive quality of transmission (QoT) estimators, which are crucial to assess physical layer impairments of optical networks [4]
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