Observer Variability as a Determinant of Measurement Error of Ultrasonographic Measurements of the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter: A Systematic Review

Abstract

BackgroundUltrasonographic measurements of the diameter of the sheath of the optic nerve can be used to assess intracranial pressure indirectly. These measurements come with measurement error. ObjectiveOur aim was to estimate observer's measurement error as a determinant of ultrasonographic measurement variability of the optic nerve sheath diameter. MethodsA systematic search of the literature was conducted in Embase, Medline, Web of Science, the Cochrane Central Register of Trials, and the first 200 articles of Google Scholar up to April 19, 2021. Inclusion criteria were the following: healthy adults, B-mode ultrasonography, and measurements 3 mm behind the retina. Studies were excluded if standard error of measurement could not be calculated. Nine studies featuring 389 participants (median 40; range 15–100) and 22 observers (median 2; range 1–4) were included. Standard error of measurement and minimal detectable differences were calculated to quantify observer variability. Quality and risk of bias were assessed with the Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies. ResultsThe standard error of measurement of the intra- and interobserver variability had a range of 0.10–0.41 mm and 0.14–0.42 mm, respectively. Minimal detectable difference of a single observer was 0.28–1.1 mm. Minimal detectable difference of multiple observers (range 2–4) was 0.40–1.1 mm. Quality assessment showed room for methodological improvement of included studies. ConclusionsThe standard errors of measurement and minimal detectable differences of ultrasonographic measurements of the optic nerve sheath diameter found in this review with healthy participants indicate caution should be urged when interpreting results acquired with this measurement method in clinical context.