Abstract
Gold nanoparticles were conjugated to an antibody (immuno-AuNP) against A/Udorn/307/1972 (H3N2) influenza virus to detect viruses on a sensing plate designed for an evanescent field-coupled waveguide-mode sensor. Experiments were conducted using human influenza A/H3N2 strains, and immuno-AuNP could detect 8×105 PFU/ml (40 pg/µl) intact A/Udorn/307/1972 and 120 pg/µl A/Brisbane/10/2007. Furthermore, increased signal magnitude was achieved in the presence of non-ionic detergent, as the virtual detection level was increased to 8×104 PFU/ml A/Udorn/307/1972. Immuno-AuNPs were then complexed with viruses to permit direct observation, and they formed a ring of confined nanodots on the membrane of both intact and detergent-treated viruses as directly visualized by scanning electron microscopy. With this complex the detection limit was improved further to 8×103 PFU/ml on anti-rabbit IgG immobilized sensing plate. These strategies introduce methods for observing trapped intact viruses on the sensing plates generated for optical systems.
Highlights
Influenza viral infection is a commonly occurring disease all over the world, and when avian and human influenza viruses simultaneously infect intermediate hosts, novel virus occurs because of the genetic reassortment [1,2,3]
Recent evidence indicates that a new strain of influenza A (H3N2)v (v stands for variant) has the gene encoding the matrix protein from the influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus
Among several types of influenza viruses classified based on 16 HA and 9 Neuraminidase, subtypes H3N2 and H1N1 are circulating in humans [9]
Summary
Influenza viral infection is a commonly occurring disease all over the world, and when avian and human influenza viruses simultaneously infect intermediate hosts, novel virus occurs because of the genetic reassortment [1,2,3]. In the present study, interactive analyses were conducted on the sensing plate using the waveguide sensor, where the affinity of an antibody targeting A/Udorn/307/1972 was evaluated for H3N2 strains.
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