Observational Study of Vaccine Efficacy 24 Years after the Start of Hepatitis B Vaccination in Two Gambian Villages: No Need for a Booster Dose

Maimuna Mendy,Adam Jeng-Barry,Hilton Whittle,Mamadi Sidibeh,Andrew J Hall,Abdoulie Jatta,Momodou L Jobarteh,Sophie E Moore,Tom Peto,Ingrid Peterson,Safayet Hossin,Martin Rowe

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058029

Maimuna Mendy, Adam Jeng-Barry + Show 10 more

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058029

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Abstract

ObjectivesTo determine the duration of protection from hepatitis B vaccine given in infancy and early childhood and asses risk factors for HBV infection and chronic infection.MethodsIn 1984 infant HBV vaccination was started in two Gambian villages. Cross sectional serological surveys have been undertaken every 4 years to determine vaccine efficacy. In the current survey 84.6% of 1508 eligible participants aged 1–28 years were tested. A spouse study was conducted in females (aged 14 years and above) and their male partners.ResultsVaccine efficacy against chronic infection with hepatitis B virus was 95.1% (95% confidence interval 91.5% to 97.1%), which did not vary significantly between age groups or village. Efficacy against infection was 85.4% (82.7% to 87.7%), falling significantly with age. Concentrations of hepatitis B antibody fell exponentially with age varying according to peak response: 20 years after vaccination only 17.8% (95% CI 10.1–25.6) of persons with a low peak response (10–99 mIU/ml) had detectable HBs antibody compared to 27% (21.9% to 32.2%) of those with a high peak response (>999 mIU/ml). Time since vaccination and a low peak response were the strongest risk factors for HBV infections; males were more susceptible, marriage was not a significant risk for females. Hepatitis B DNA was not detected after infection, which tested soley core antibody positive. An undetectable peak antibody response of <10 mIU/ml and a mother who was hepatitis B e antigen positive were powerful risk factors for chronic infection.ConclusionsAdolescents and young adults vaccinated in infancy are at increased risk of hepatitis B infection, but not chronic infection. Married women were not at increased risk. There is no compelling evidence for the use of a booster dose of HBV vaccine in The Gambia.

Highlights

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of viral hepatitis in humans
A total of 392 (20.6%) were excluded from the analyses either because there was no record of immunization during infancy with 3 or more doses of vaccine (n = 342) or the doses were given at,28 days apart (n = 50)
Antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Of 1508 participants, 176 were missing peak response data

Summary

Introduction

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of viral hepatitis in humans. Over 350 million have become chronic carriers of the virus, 60 million of them residing in Africa. Transmission in highly endemic areas is primarily horizontal between young children [5]. HBV is a major cause of liver disease and is strongly associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [9]. The majority of children infected perinatally become chronic carriers [10] as do 15–20% of persons infected in early childhood [5,11]. One third of HBV carriers will progress to cirrhosis and 25% will develop HCC which is the leading cause of cancer in males in The Gambian and causes between 10–15% of adult male deaths [12]

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