Observational learning and irreversible starvation in first-feeding zebrafish larvae: is it okay to copy from your friends?

Abstract

Starvation is one cause of high mortality during the early life stages of many fish species.If larvae do not learn to feed, or if no food is available during early stages, irreversible starvation occurs and larvae reach the Point of No Return (PNR), the developmental period/age when they will not feed even if food is available. Fish larvae may learn to how to feed by observing conspecifics or through personal/individual experience with prey items that are encountered. We examined food acquisition in first-feeding zebrafish larvae to determine the impact of delayed feeding and identify the time of irreversible starvation and the PNR. Next, we examined how feeding ability, and the PNR, is altered by either observational learning or previous experience, to determine which paradigm facilitates successful feeding.Our data indicate that zebrafish larvae learn to feed, with the PNR at 7-8 days postfertilization (dpf). Exposure to prey items immediately after hatching (3-5 dpf) results in the highest survival rates. Zebrafish larvae learning to feed by observing conspecifics also had high survival, though the PNR was not changed. In contrast, previous experience with prey items caused an earlier PNR and reduced survival. Overall, these results that indicate feeding is a learned behavior in zebrafish larvae and interacting with/observing conspecifics during the early larval period is a better predictor of feeding ability than previous experience with food.