Observational Characterization of the Ecological and Environmental Features Associated with the Presence of Oropouche Virus and the Primary Vector Culicoides paraenesis: Data Synthesis and Systematic Review.

Christine Walsh,Rebecca Christofferson,Michael Robert

doi:10.3390/tropicalmed6030143

Christine Walsh, Rebecca Christofferson + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030143

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Abstract

Oropouche virus (OROV), a member of the Orthobunyavirus genus, is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) and is the etiologic agent of human and animal disease. The primary vector of OROV is presumed to be the biting midge, Culicoides paraenesis, though Culex quinquefasciatus, Cq. venezuelensis, and Aedes serratus mosquitoes are considered secondary vectors. The objective of this systematic review is to characterize locations where OROV and/or its primary vector have been detected. Synthesis of known data through review of published literature regarding OROV and vectors was carried out through two independent searches: one search targeted to OROV, and another targeted towards the primary vector. A total of 911 records were returned, but only 90 (9.9%) articles satisfied all inclusion criteria. When locations were characterized, some common features were noted more frequently than others, though no one characteristic was significantly associated with presence of OROV using a logistic classification model. In a separate correlation analysis, vector presence was significantly correlated only with the presence of restingas. The lack of significant relationships is likely due to the paucity of data regarding OROV and its eco-epidemiology and highlights the importance of continued focus on characterizing this and other neglected tropical diseases.

Highlights

The Orthobunyavirus genus, which consists of 18 serogroups, has been isolated from numerous countries in South America, most commonly Brazil [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
The Google Scholar search regarding the primary arthropod vector for Oropouche virus (OROV) which was carried out using the terms “Culicoides paraensis” and “South America”
The Google Scholar search regarding the primary arthropod vector for OROV which was carried out using the terms “Culicoides paraensis” and “South Amer5 of 16 ica” returned 173 records

Summary

Introduction

The Orthobunyavirus genus, which consists of 18 serogroups, has been isolated from numerous countries in South America, most commonly Brazil [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The largest serogroup in the Orthobunyavirus genus, the Simbu sergroup, includes viruses associated with both human and animal diseases and is comprised of 25 viruses, including Oropouche virus (OROV) [10,11]. OROV is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, and the genome consists of three separate segments: small (S), medium (M), and large (L). These S, M, and L segments encode for the nucleocapsid protein, surface glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, respectively [12]. The first known case of Oropouche fever was described in Trinidad in 1955. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in blood specimens from forest workers in various forested sites in Trinidad

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