Observation of Light-by-Light Scattering in Ultraperipheral Pb+Pb Collisions with the ATLAS Detector.

G Aad,T Geralis,S Tarem,P Schacht,F Hubaut,M Li,F Rubbo,A Sidoti,D Zerwas,Y Rozen,A De Maria,A Sharma,T Beau,C Zeitnitz,P Stolte,F Anulli,E Fullana Torregrosa,T Heim,Y Makida,A Gabrielli,H Bachacou,S Turchikhin,C Troncon,K Tackmann,I Nitsche,M Sahinsoy,A Kugel,G Pownall,S González De La Hoz,P Savard,B Bergmann,B Gorini,A Robson,N Jeong,C Meyer,M Scornajenghi,A Alfonsi,J Li,P Ferrari,N Haddad,S Franchino,X Ju,Y Yasu,J Monk,C Debenedetti,A Matic,R Rosten,B Di Micco,D Golubkov,T Megy,W Taylor,O Penc,F Lasagni Manghi,S Suchek,M Kuna,L Di Ciaccio,F Cerutti,A Schoening,E Brost,S Hellman,C Helsens,S Terada,A Romaniouk,Z Zheng,O Røhne,J Tanaka,M Morii,A Yamamoto,T Kubota,K Motohashi,J Maeda,M Rijssenbeek,D Xu,D Rodriguez Rodriguez,C Schmitt,D Sampsonidou,T Nitta,D Schaile,A Vishwakarma,F Scutti,D Oliveira Damazio,E Buschmann,T Kharlamova,M Lefebvre,X Zhuang,E Simioni,E Kajomovitz,E Tolley,A Rimoldi,M Liu,P Calafiura,D Britton,A Policicchio,A Artamonov,D Krasnopevtsev,G Introzzi,D Tsybychev,S Todt,L Guan,L Brenner,G Bernardi,R Spighi,G Watts,S Honda,D Orestano,A Knue,X Ruan,S Kuday,K Wraight,S Schaepe,T Lecompte,R Brock,E Torrence,A Cortes-Gonzalez,M Haleem,P Urquijo,A Qureshi,A Khodinov,O Stelzer-Chilton,W Ding,N Andari,M Morgenstern,A Jinaru,S Webb,M Lu,M Romano,S Palazzo,P Liu,A Ochi,B Stapf,P Krieger,T Cuhadar Donszelmann,D Paredes Hernandez,L Colasurdo,A Lounis,J.-H Arling,J Levêque,P Gkountoumis,M Aleksa,A Paramonov,H Mildner,S Liem,M Begalli,J Damp,O Rifki,X Wu,S Terzo,M Kobel,R Lafaye,J Hejbal,G Eigen,M Beretta,M Wobisch,S Han,Z Marshall,R Moles-Valls,M Saimpert,K Zhukov,L Massa,N Venturi,J Love,K Yorita,S Trincaz-Duvoid,K Bachas,A Schwartzman,D Giugni,O Meshkov,P Camarri,L Vacavant,E Ricci,A Straessner,D South,H Santos,R Tanaka,S Ganguly,M Rimoldi,C Grud,G Arabidze,A Sbrizzi,S Monzani,F Schroeder,T Eifert,D Price,A Petridis,A Miucci,S Francescato,J Albert,E Pianori,D Bortoletto,F Sforza,Y Ninomiya,L Rehnisch,F Rauscher,M Kado,L Morvaj,F Monticelli,S Higashino,M Moreno Llácer,M Nordberg,C Leonidopoulos,L Asquith,J Jovicevic,M Sessa,C Vittori,M Ishino,S Rosati,M Maerker,J Montejo Berlingen,D Ponomarenko,S Tokár,S Tsuno,S Protopopescu,D Hayden,D Schaefer,R Slovak,C Vergis,A Polini,J Mamuzic,S Asai,S Feigl,S Díez Cornell,F Crescioli,M Tsopoulou,Y Minegishi,D Mori,G Rovelli,S Valentinetti,A Di Girolamo,A Sansoni,P Butti,D Francis,M Errenst,D Denysiuk,T Dai,Z Chadi,F Luehring,A Oh,S Bethke,H Arnold,M Ridel,F Tsai,M Pinamonti,A Blue,M Spangenberg,S Willocq,D Bruncko,M Bosman,C Varni,Y Fang,M Kagan,C Grefe,M Hagihara,D Fassouliotis,K Shaw,J Zhu,S Gentile,C Amelung,R Cherkaoui El Moursli,M El Kacimi,K Schmieden,F Petrucci,A Olariu,S Hyrych,M Franklin,G Chiarelli,A Kotwal,I Bloch,S Schramm,A Hrynevich,R Tafirout,O Ricken,M Bedognetti,K Nakamura,D Vannicola,J Rothberg,A Soloshenko,M Calvetti,M Goblirsch-Kolb,P Palni,G Marceca,G Maccarrone,K Sekhon,R Röhrig,M Ouchrif,C Wang,S Calvet,F Dubinin,R Piegaia,C Rizzi,C Garcia-Argos,Z Liang,P Giannetti,S Kuehn,N Scharmberg,A Sydorenko,G Fanourakis,D Bogavac,U Landgraf,W Guan,P Podberezko,Y Ikegami,E Gorini,G Demontigny,W Vandelli,M Talby,K Ran,R Narayan,A Smykiewicz,K Toms,Y Qin,S Barsov,E Rossi,A Mastroberardino,T Moa,T Varol,M Janus,M Fanti,V Andrei,A Laurier,U Soldevila,R.-J Wang,C Serfon,S Tapprogge,A Bruni,A Campoverde,L Kashif,A Liblong,M Franchini,E Torró Pastor,E Nibigira,K Pachal,J Kvita,M Nagel,V Kartvelishvili,P Tas,F Costanza,S Roe,V Croft,S Palestini,B Zhou,L Zhang,T Dias Do Vale,G Jarlskog,T Klingl,Y Ma,J Glatzer,R Mazini,G Sciolla,J Dingfelder,V Zhulanov,V Canale,S Stonjek,O Sasaki,T Kupfer,G Duckeck,C Feng,B Vachon,S Li,P Kluit,K Köneke,M Escalier,V Garonne,M Biglietti,S Heim,M D’Onofrio,M Ughetto,O Abdinov,C Heinz,A Ouraou,L Pedraza Diaz,E Celebi,Y Heng,S Caron,I Wingerter-Seez,F An,E Cavallaro,M Pettee,P Bryant,D Costanzo,S Campana,A Milov,T Peiffer,A Dudarev,A Krasznahorkay,A Bandyopadhyay,C Petridou,K Augsten,M Kolb,K Lin,M Primavera,M Delmastro,C Luci,P Staroba,C Sandoval,D Biedermann,A Juste Rozas,J Weingarten,V Wallangen,D Benchekroun,M Trovatelli,A Higashida,L Fayard,K O’Connor,T Maeno,M Ikeno,K Choi,F Trovato,G Cowan,X Zhang,C Leroy,B Lefebvre,M Paganini,A Macchiolo,S Henkelmann,G Zobernig,N Wermes,R Iguchi,T Iizawa,R Pedro,I Hinchliffe,A Santra,C Diaconu,T Kawaguchi,S Argyropoulos,A Maio,A Lapertosa,C Leggett,W Buttinger,S Demers,T Ženiš,R Sadykov,A Lanza,G Zacharis,M Mlynarikova,G Ripellino,L Jeanty,B Ristić,S Amoroso,C Marcon,T Farooque,Z Zinonos,G Unal,M Garcia-Sciveres,Y Okumura,R Wolff,N Garelli,I Pokharel,M Cristinziani,G Stoicea,M Dunford,S Chekanov,E Plotnikova,Z Rurikova,V Boisvert,Z Uysal,T Pauly,E Etzion,R Richter,F Nechansky,D Madaffari,K Bouaouda,B Meirose,H Otono,M Schioppa,C Kahra,B Galhardo,E Kellermann,R Sobie,S Gkaitatzis,D Delgove,P Wagner,E Rocco,M Barbero,R El Kosseifi,J Ferrando,V Cindro,K Liu,L Fiorini,F Filthaut,H Ten Kate,Y Nagasaka,R Caminal Armadans,A Glazov,T Barklow,R Simoniello,D Kar,J Metcalfe,A Dell’Acqua,V Morisbak,A Ambler,B Giacobbe,E Reynolds,K Potamianos,B Parida,S Oda,A Ventura,E Tzovara,R Kukla,K Hamano,K Takeda,M Negrini,G Redlinger,A Manousos,P Mogg,G Mikenberg,W Kozanecki,E Vilucchi,R Nicolaidou,M Atkinson,A Sfyrla,Y Afik,J Chen,M Petrov,Q Buat,S Majewski,S Jin,A Tavares Delgado,F Spanò,V Gratchev,K Hildebrand,E Gramstad,R Ströhmer,R Stamen,P Sommer,A Laudrain,V D’Amico,J Schaarschmidt,Ph Schwemling,L Gonella,A Pathak,O Kuprash,S Meehan,S Giagu,N Hod,M Vanadia,B Stelzer,H Ji,M Vranjes Milosavljevic,B Moser,J Poveda,J Fuster,M Levchenko,D Yamaguchi,K Kleinknecht,R Bartoldus,L Schoeffel,A Tsirigotis,E Sauvan,A Khanov,O Kepka,A Peyaud,M Lazzaroni,M Khandoga,V Vrba,N Rompotis,M Pitt,S Muanza,T Swirski,D Roy,H Liu,S Cabrera Urbán,J Kendrick,Y Ming,J Heilman,J Cochran,S Resconi,C Gay,G Bartolini,S Grinstein,J Chudoba,P Pralavorio,L Tompkins,C Grieco,E Yatsenko,D Su,L Meng,E Duchovni,L Perini,A Zhemchugov,J Haley,C Dülsen,S Dhaliwal,A Durglishvili,R Camacho Toro,N Zakharchuk,A Messina,K Todome,J Elmsheuser,P Morettini,F Fiedler,S Spagnolo,U Blumenschein,S Senkin,R Hertenberger,J Guenther,M Queitsch-Maitland,D Pietreanu,R Les,S Bressler,V Araujo Ferraz,J.-F Grivaz,M Spina,A Annovi,S Hageböck,E Nurse,A Washbrook,L La Rotonda,T Kosek,P Pani,P Mastrandrea,H Herde,S Rave,J Myers,T Hryn’Ova,M Becker,P Teixeira-Dias,I Panagoulias,S Popa,Y Tu,F Thiele,J Janssen,T Meideck,H Stenzel,S Grancagnolo,R Soualah,J Schaeffer,B Stugu,J Collot,J Huston,M Zgubič,P Puzo,G Kawamura,S Saha,E Shabalina,F Derue,C Kato,Y Oren,Y Unno,H Jivan,G Calderini,M Dührssen,E Yigitbasi,D Alexandre,N Magini,M Valente,J Dietrich,F Miano,L Iconomidou-Fayard,F Djama,A Murrone,M Miñano Moya,A Kurova,L Chevalier,F Winklmeier,G Gilles,M Stolarski,E Valdes Santurio,B Achkar,L Franconi,F Ragusa,A Ezhilov,D Matakias,F Lanni,D Reikher,F Iltzsche,V Izzo,D Emeliyanov,T Zakareishvili,I Maznas,R Bi,H Sandaker,R Stroynowski,A Warburton,A Mirto,J Walder,T Fusayasu,L Poggioli,F Beisiegel,P Bechtle,B Pearson,Y Zhao,L Heelan,M Zhou,J Mitrevski,M Vogel,F Legger,H Wahlberg,A Sahu,H Krüger,B Malaescu,M Cano Bret,T Lenz,I Gkialas,E Gozani,J Llorente Merino,O Sidiropoulou,Y Chen,M Reale,D Ta,F Ito,R Gamboa Goni,C Deutsch,C Hayes,M Testa,R Novotny,U Schäfer,I Riu,G Rybkin,G Marchiori,F Gonnella,P Grenier,K Iordanidou,D Malon,A Quadt,M Wielers,M Backes,C Allaire,J Barreiro Guimarães Da Costa,M Lavorgna,D Lynn,N Ilic,S George,L Han,M Wessels,D Salvatore,M Michetti,P Sabatini,S Groh,K Smolek,T Mkrtchyan,D Pallin,K Korcyl,A Hostiuc,C Gwenlan,M Stamenkovic,J Maurer,B Ali,S Carrá,F Dittus,Q Ouyang,A Shcherbakova,M Losada,M Nessi,S Hassani,E Fumagalli,F Li,S Ketabchi Haghighat,A Held,C Wiglesworth,K Li,R Ospanov,B Li,O Smirnova,I Ueda,S Marti-Garcia,N Calace,G Gustavino,L Pezzotti,J Olszowska,V Vercesi,G Gagliardi,A White,M Faucci Giannelli,F Khalil-Zada,L Duflot,R Kopeliansky,N Lorenzo Martinez,J Kroll,H Fox,P Jackson,M Battaglia,L Marchese,K Han,B Cole,F Ukegawa,O Kuchinskaia,A Hasib,M Holzbock,A Cueto,K Krizka,C Lampoudis,M Sandhoff,O Kortner,F Bauer,N Morange,P Wang,E Cheu,A Marzin,K Wakamiya,D Salamani,H Oppen,A Cheplakov,A Rozanov,J Taenzer,A Dattagupta,N Fomin,F Ould-Saada,S Kortner,H Kagan,S Shirabe,H Bahrasemani,K Reeves,C Luedtke,J Proudfoot,A Søgaard,J Adelman,S Stärz,V Nikolaenko,E Stanecka,C Fukunaga,D Sammel,C Guyot,H Sakamoto,S Morgenstern,S De Cecco,M Kuze,O Jinnouchi,X Chu,L Li,G Mancini,S Koperny,R Ignazzi,A Dimitrievska,Z Li,M Khader,P Rados,E Shulga,O Dartsi,K Hamacher,E Petit,H Ma,C Young,I Nikolic-Audit,V Chiarella,B Stanislaus,E Karentzos,T Mitani,J Jamieson,N Huseynov,D Hirschbuehl,P Buchholz,S Sultansoy,T Kishimoto,R Zhang,M Livan,M Capua,A Leisos,P Van Gemmeren,I Korolkov,M Tomoto,S Falke,M Klein,D Duda,J Moss,J Jejelava,G Kramberger,R Staszewski,C Dallapiccola,J Khubua,C Chen,S Pagan Griso,K Kawade,L Paolozzi,O Bulekov,G Jäkel,A Grummer,H Li,D Lacour,B Liberti,S Tzamarias,L Adam,K Grimm,M Tanaka,S Sottocornola,M Saito,A Chitan,D Sperlich,W Davey,A Ferrari,K Hanagaki,I Naryshkin,M Raymond,T Pham,N Proklova,G Herten,S Goldfarb,F Yamane,I Yeletskikh,G Callea,M Faraj,T Theveneaux-Pelzer,I Dawson,A Boveia,A Tudorache,M Rybar,T Takeshita,J Boyd,K Vorobev,C Zhou,Pa Malecki,V Kitali,K Dette,T Daubney,C Meroni,S Odaka,G Ucchielli,T Lagouri,F Marroquim,O Biebel,A Mehta,T Šfiligoj,J Meyer,N Govender,E Akilli,B Dutta,Z Zhang,S Williams,P Zhao,F Braren,H Takai,A Canesse,O Brandt,K Whalen,Z Xi,F Alonso,E Kneringer,P Nilsson,T Kawamoto,K De Vasconcelos Corga,V Sinetckii,L Serkin,W-M Yao,C Goy,G Usai,J Faltova,N Norjoharuddeen,K Cranmer,H Wang,Y Wu,R De Asmundis,N Kondrashova,J Stupak,A Farbin,C Bertella,T Carli,R Gonçalo,R Hankache,F Bührer,I Ravinovich,S Rettie,T Guillemin,E Meoni,A Haas,J Tojo,C Weiser,S Guindon,M Javurkova,J Wang,G Galster,S Hirose,G Zemaityte,K Ntekas,M Vozak,T Dado,S Perrella,M Ghasemi Bostanabad,P Calfayan,M Dobre,D Derendarz,A Mann,E Von Toerne,M Wittgen,N Ellis,I Carli,P Jenni,Y Amaral Coutinho,M Lassnig,S Maltezos,G Bella,R Vari,G Panizzo,A Cerri,A Lucotte,Y Kano,F Rühr,C Maidantchik,S.-C Hsu,P Gessinger-Befurt,V Kukhtin,A Ducourthial,D Melini,Y Abulaiti,A Tricoli,A Onofre,C Wanotayaroj,M Villa,V Bortolotto,I Nakano,S Artz,F La Ruffa,N Konstantinidis,U Klein,S Zambito,N Makovec,S Kuleshov,Y Enari,N Kimura,Y Delabat Diaz,S Sacerdoti,T Scanlon,S Rajagopalan,H Cohen,A Rodriguez Perez,G Facini,M Schernau,F Malek,W Walkowiak,M Sannino,M Rotaru,N Smirnov,R Leitner,C Arcangeletti,G Piacquadio,W Trischuk,S Hellesund,F Balli,E Mountricha,D Britzger,L Pizzimento,J Erdmann,X Li,P Hamal,M Yamatani,M Corradi,W Wiedenmann,M Del Gaudio,D Kobayashi,M-S Barisits,Y Jiang,N Brahimi,M Shiyakova,F Salvatore,F Ellinghaus,Y Coadou,V Konstantinides,A Sakharov,T Golling,D Scheirich,L Helary,S Shimizu,A Camplani,B Maček,D Pudzha,K Abeling,L Lee,F Ceradini,L Masetti,L Heinrich,K Belotskiy,O Le Dortz,R Polifka,Z Wang,C Bini,A Krishnan,S Kluth,T Adye,H Torres,Y Kulchitsky,V Magerl,A Ogrodnik,J Gao,P Moschovakos,T Lyubushkina,G Alimonti,D Dodsworth,Y Horii,A Ereditato,C Doglioni,A Chegwidden,J Kanzaki,C Nellist,D Shaked Renous,M Gignac,P Berta,C Anastopoulos,G Palacino,F Wang,R Pezoa,I Fleck,M Düren,W Wang,U Schnoor,F Siegert,A Reiss,G Mornacchi,H Kurashige,K De,R Poettgen,F Vazeille,S Jézéquel,V O’Shea,A Lister,L Sawyer,M Geisen,C Mwewa,D Zhong,R Castelijn,S Oerdek,C Gemme,Y Okazaki,C-Q Li,A Ryzhov,U De Sanctis,S Haug,J Stark,S Timoshenko,B Laforge,C Willis,C Agapopoulou,F Hoenig,T Flick,E Winkels,J Jia,T Kono,D Moreno,E Lytken,A Kastanas,F Fabbri,M Vreeswijk,E Lipeles,C Gray,D Rousseau,R Jansky,C Glasman,C Agheorghiesei,T Dreyer,K Uno,S Camarda,M Campanelli,K Nagano,M Kiehn,R Araujo Pereira,A Leopold,P Sherwood,J Beyer,X Ai,F Fassi,A Gaudiello,C Sawyer,F Wilk,I Hristova,K Petukhova,B Heinemann,J Geisen,C Kourkoumelis,M Owen,G Brooijmans,S Falciano,S Constantinescu,P Mermod,D Camarero Munoz,F Guescini,T Wengler,C Deterre,L D’Eramo,A Gongadze,S Strandberg,A Undrus,M Alhroob,D Calvet,A Aggarwal,F Meloni,J Kretzschmar,J Donini,A Farilla,A Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi,F Conventi,M Shapiro,P Huo,T Lari,I Nomidis,K Jakobs,J Hoya,H Evans,E Hansen,D Berge,K Burka,F Parodi,P Hanke,I Van Vulpen,C Haber,P Farthouat,S Schmitt,M Antonelli,E Khramov,M Zhang,S Chen,K Maekawa,J Dopke,C Santoni,S Schlenker,G Iacobucci,P Massarotti,F Lacava,C Blocker,T Klapdor-Kleingrothaus,E Sideras Haddad,A Rej,M Bindi,T Koi,F Lyu,Y Tayalati,K Mönig,A Milic,M Klassen,B Martin Dit Latour,R Shang,A Doria,Y Kataoka,N Madysa,K Prokofiev,P Czodrowski,S Jakobsen,R Poggi,D Barberis,S Shrestha,P Skubic,A Taffard,V Hedberg,K Brendlinger,M Donadelli,C Camincher,M Dam,T Kaji,J Shlomi,R Barnea,M Bahmani,A Sopczak,T Masubuchi,S Snyder,M Melo,A Borisov,M Feng,E Higón-Rodriguez,T Javůrek,M Hils,Y Li,A Poley,H Chen,A Duperrin,S Mohapatra,M Birman,M Schumacher,I Brock,Y Noguchi,A Seiden,S Loffredo,L Roos,A Lösle,A Gomes,A Melzer,K Beloborodov,J Lorenz,W Xu,F Napolitano,O Estrada Pastor,D Caforio,A Montalbano,A Sapronov,J Roloff,S Malyukov,U Kruchonak,J Cantero,L Manhaes De Andrade Filho,A Vallier,C Weber,K Lie,V Ippolito,N Tsirintanis,G Sabato,J Gramling,S Gadatsch,M Milesi,N Wieseotte,A Trzupek,D Iliadis,I Pogrebnyak,L Martinelli,Y Liu,J Balz,S Jones,R Di Nardo,S Batlamous,D Varouchas,P Gadow,T Harenberg,A Roy,A Bellerive,G D’Amen,I Ochoa,J Sjölin,S D’Auria,J Boudreau,F He,D Boye,W Islam,Y Huang,M Stankaityte,F Schenck,L Rinaldi,Q Wang,A Klimentov,O Igonkina,P Steinberg,K Grevtsov,F Cirotto,M Spousta,X Chen,A Marantis,J Guo,N Asbah,M Mittal,B Freund,R Konoplich,S Laplace,C Rembser,F Scuri,R Madar,J Machado Miguens,Y Shen,H Zhang,S Sen,M Feickert,T Tashiro,C Bakalis,Y Guo,R Avramidou,W Wagner,I Chiu,Y Hasegawa,G Koren,G Polesello,R Brenner,V Vorobel,R Takashima,D Álvarez Piqueras,S Akatsuka,H Cai,S Yang,K Kordas,K Nagai,L Zwalinski,J Ouellette,G Borissov,B Brickwedde,P Loch,P Pasuwan,T Nakamura,G Salamanna,G Aielli,S Sun,P Balek,M Mosidze,S Leone,T Nguyen Manh,A Trofymov,M Ellert,S Dahbi,A Ciocio,E Zaffaroni,A Picazio,P Seema,M Pedersen,M Huhtinen,G Chiodini,F Corriveau,D De Pedis,N Korotkova,J Huth,K Hara,A Vaniachine,A Angerami,R Nisius,J Yu,K Lehmann,S Mehlhase,G Spigo,L Cerrito,L Pontecorvo,A Guerguichon,B Mindur,L Feligioni,L Barranco Navarro,T Barillari,X Lou,I Vivarelli,Q Hu,V Cavasinni,Y Shimogama,K Assamagan,L Truong,U Gul,H El Jarrari,E Nagy,P Starovoitov,E Kladiva,C Ferretti,A Rummler,E Lançon,Y Takubo,G Darbo,M Morinaga,S Gargiulo,J Veatch,S De Castro,P Johansson,C Bernius,D Cinca,S Calvente Lopez,K Mochizuki,G Lehmann Miotto,R Cardarelli,H Oide,D Sampsonidis,L Merola,S Tapia Araya,M Boonekamp,L Xia,J Howarth,A Vaidya,M Bruschi,A Di Ciaccio,M Leblanc,F Cormier,H Abramowicz,R Keeler,B Hiti,S Che,L Živković,L Barak,S Balaji,F Safai Tehrani,R Hauser,K Becker,H Zhu,D Zanzi,A Salvucci,H Okawa,A Ramirez Morales,B Ravina,G Giugliarelli,J Zahreddine,M De Beurs,A Gorišek,N Krumnack,B Safarzadeh Samani,A Koulouris,A Hadef,B Haney,D Duvnjak,A Hoummada,S Biondi,R Zou,T Yamazaki,E 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doi:10.1103/physrevlett.123.052001

Abstract

This Letter describes the observation of the light-by-light scattering process, γγ→γγ, in Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV. The analysis is conducted using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.73 nb^{-1}, collected in November 2018 by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Light-by-light scattering candidates are selected in events with two photons produced exclusively, each with transverse energy E_{T}^{γ}>3 GeV and pseudorapidity |η_{γ}|<2.4, diphoton invariant mass above 6GeV, and small diphoton transverse momentum and acoplanarity. After applying all selection criteria, 59 candidate events are observed for a background expectation of 12±3 events. The observed excess of events over the expected background has a significance of 8.2 standard deviations. The measured fiducial cross section is 78±13(stat)±7(syst)±3(lumi) nb.

Highlights

Pb an integrated luminosity of 1.73 nb−1, collected in November 2018 by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Light-by-light scattering candidates are selected in events with two photons produced exclusively, each with transverse energy EγT > 3 GeV and pseudorapidity jηγj < 2.4, diphoton invariant mass above 6 GeV, and small diphoton transverse momentum and acoplanarity
Light-by-light scattering, γγ → γγ, is a quantummechanical process that is forbidden in the classical theory of electrodynamics [1,2]

Summary

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ColTlihsiiosnLseattterpdffisffieffiNffisffiNfficffi r1⁄4ibe5s.0t2heTeoVbs.eTrvhaetioannaolyfsitsheislicgohnt-dbuyc-tleigdhtussicnagttearidnagtaprsoacmespsl,e γγ → γγ, in Pb corresponding þ to. Light-by-light scattering graphs with electron loops contribute to the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and muon [10,11] Strong evidence for this process in relativistic heavy-ion (Pb þ Pb) collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been reported by the ATLAS [12] and CMS [13] collaborations with observed significances of 4.4 and 4.1 standard deviations, respectively. The theoretical uncertainty of the cross section is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the nuclear form factors and initial photon fluxes In order to suppress the γγ → eþe− background, events are rejected if they have a charged-particle track with pT > 100 MeV, jηj < 2.5, and at least six hits in the pixel and microstrip detectors, including at least one pixel hit. According to the MC simulation, these requirements reduce the fake photon background from the dielectron final state by a factor of 104, while being 93% efficient for γγ → γγ signal events

Photon PID efficiency

Findings

The measured fiducial cross section is