Abstract
In 1998, the Super-Kamiokande discovered neutrino oscillation using atmospheric neutrino anomalies. It was the first direct evidence of neutrino mass and the first phenomenon to be discovered beyond the standard model of particle physics. Recently, more precise measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters using atmospheric neutrinos have been achieved by several detectors, such as Super-Kamiokande, IceCube, and ANTARES. In addition, precise predictions and measurements of atmospheric neutrino flux have been performed. This paper presents the history, current status, and future prospects of the atmospheric neutrino observation.
Highlights
Atmospheric neutrinos are generated when primary cosmic rays strike nuclei in the atmosphere and the hadron that results from these collision decays [1]
One was the MACRO (Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory) experiment, which was a tracking detector composed of liquid scintillator and streamer tubes in Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy, reported a clear distortion in upward-going muon spectrum caused by neutrino oscillation [16]
In the right2x10panel of Fig. 7, we show the ratios of the νe works is very small in4x10the figure above 1 GeV. 3xNote, we atmospheric neutrino flux averaged over all directions
Summary
Atmospheric neutrinos are generated when primary cosmic rays strike nuclei in the atmosphere and the hadron that results from these collision decays [1]. These groups placed detectors deep underground in the Kolar Gold Mines of South India [4] and a South African gold mine [5], respectively, to avoid cosmic-ray muons They looked for upward-going muon events, because it must be generated through the interaction of atmospheric neutrino from the other side of the Earth with the surrounding rock, and found the signal clearly. The discrepancy between the data and the MC reported by Kamiokande and IMB attributed to neutrino oscillation; the statistical evidence was insufficient to support this conclusion. One was the MACRO (Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory) experiment, which was a tracking detector composed of liquid scintillator and streamer tubes in Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy, reported a clear distortion in upward-going muon spectrum caused by neutrino oscillation [16]. Many efforts to reveal unresolved issues in neutrino physics have been made by several groups both theoretically and experimentally using atmospheric neutrino, and will be made in future
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