Abstract
Although Khayyam is one of the Persian poets whose school of thought and poems are studied the most, there is hardly a research in which his intellectual system is explained and made clear via a linguistic framework. In this paper one of the most debatable matters which is “Obligation” versus “Free Will” is dealt with by using Hasan’s (1989) linguistics and verbal art model. This model provides touchstones for clarifying the concepts which are foregrounded by the poet. In this study other than qualitative analysis of 33 Khayyam’s quatrains which are selected based on their contents they convey, quantitative analysis method of frequency calculation is used as well. The results approve this hypothesis that the notion of “obligation” is foregrounded by linguistic tools against “Free will” as background. Keywords : functional linguistics; free will; obligation; Khayyam’s poetry
Highlights
A kind of obligation is prominent in Khayyam’s quatrains which helps man to be happy in his life and though difficult, enjoy it in some way
When Mohio-l-din Sabri asked Khayyam that “which sect do you consider more correct, Jabriyeh or Qadriyeh? Khayyam said “maybe the Jabries unless they fall in suspicions and deliriums and exaggerate, for when they inclined to exaggeration and hyperbole they will retreat from the truth. (Rezazadeh, 1995)
The researchers investigate them based on different foregrounding tools Hasan (1989) represented. eight elements of time, meaning and wording contrast, repetition, parallelism, modality, thematization, and –er roles were contrastively analyzed in couplets with obligation or Free will to see which one could be said to sit as the background and which one is of more importance to the poet as foreground
Summary
A kind of obligation is prominent in Khayyam’s quatrains which helps man to be happy in his life and though difficult, enjoy it in some way This viewpoint is quite justifiable in an era that freedom of thought and expression of one’s ideas are restricted. As a matter of fact, regarding the social circumstances the obligation makes man choose between two different ways of living that is with happiness and thoughtlessness or grief and worriedness This is the man who chooses his way with Free Will. It can be said that man’s Free will sit alongside of God’s obligation This fact that Khayyam was Ash’arite, can justify his emphasis on “Obligation” over “Free Will” in different historical research about him. When Mohio-l-din Sabri asked Khayyam that “which sect do you consider more correct, Jabriyeh (in which man is not of Free will) or Qadriyeh (in which man is free in his action)? Khayyam said “maybe the Jabries unless they fall in suspicions and deliriums and exaggerate, for when they inclined to exaggeration and hyperbole they will retreat from the truth. (Rezazadeh, 1995)
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