Abstract

Two-dimensional visual, auditory and tactual sensations are perceived in three-dimensions. Visual and tactual surfaces become objects occluding one another, and intermixed sounds become segregated into discrete sources. For camouflage to be effective, it must counteract the figure-ground organization that makes prey visible by masking their edges and textures. The grouping and figure-ground principles that underlie the organization of sensations in each sense individually are the same ones when sensations occur together in two or more modalities. The effect of one modality on another, as found in spatial or temporal ventriloquism, depends on the degree of correspondence between the sensations in each modality versus the strength of organization within each. Handel suggests figure-ground organization seems based on innate core principles modified by experience.

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