Objective Relationship Between Sleep Apnea and Frequency of Snoring Assessed by Machine Learning.

Abstract

Snoring is perceived to be directly proportional to sleep apnea severity, especially obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but this notion has not been thoroughly and objectively evaluated, despite its popularity in clinical practice. This might lead to overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of OSA. The goal of this study is to examine this notion and objectively quantify the relationship between sleep apnea and snoring detected using advanced signal processing algorithms. We studied adults referred for polysomnography, from which the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was derived. Breath sounds were recorded simultaneously, from which snoring was accurately quantified using acoustic analysis of breath sounds and machine-learning computer algorithms. The snore index (SI) was calculated as the number of snores per hour of sleep. In 235 patients, the mean AHI was 20.2 ± 18.8 and mean SI was 320.2 ± 266.7 events/h. On the one hand, the overall correlation between SI and AHI was weak but significant (r = .32, P < .0001). There was a significant stepwise increase in SI with increasing OSA severity, but with a remarkable overlap in SI among OSA severity categories. On the other hand, SI had weak negative correlation with central AHI (r = -.14, P = .035). SI had modest positive and negative predictive values for OSA (0.63 and 0.62 on average, respectively) and good sensitivity but low specificity (0.91 and 0.31 on average, respectively) attributed to the large number of snorers without OSA. Snoring on its own is probably of limited usefulness in assessing sleep apnea presence and severity, because of its weak relationship with AHI. Thus, the complaint of snoring should be interpreted with caution to avoid unnecessary referrals for sleep apnea testing. Conversely, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of missing diagnosis of patients with sleep apnea who have minimal snoring.