Abstract
BackgroundPatients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) can develop impulse control disorders (ICDs) while undergoing a pharmacological treatment for motor control dysfunctions with a dopamine agonist (DA). Conventional clinical interviews or questionnaires can be biased and may not accurately diagnose at the early stage. A wearable electroencephalogram (EEG)-sensing headset paired with an examination procedure can be a potential user-friendly method to explore ICD-related signatures that can detect its early signs and progression by reflecting brain activity.MethodsA stereotypical Go/NoGo test that targets impulse inhibition was performed on 59 individuals, including healthy controls, patients with PD, and patients with PD diagnosed by ICDs. We conducted two Go/NoGo sessions before and after the DA-pharmacological treatment for the PD and ICD groups. A low-cost LEGO-like EEG headset was used to record concurrent EEG signals. Then, we used the event-related potential (ERP) analytical framework to explore ICD-related EEG abnormalities after DA treatment.ResultsAfter the DA treatment, only the ICD-diagnosed PD patients made more behavioral errors and tended to exhibit the deterioration for the NoGo N2 and P3 peak amplitudes at fronto-central electrodes in contrast to the HC and PD groups. Particularly, the extent of the diminished NoGo-N2 amplitude was prone to be modulated by the ICD scores at Fz with marginal statistical significance (r = − 0.34, p = 0.07).ConclusionsThe low-cost LEGO-like EEG headset successfully captured ERP waveforms and objectively assessed ICD in patients with PD undergoing DA treatment. This objective neuro-evidence could provide complementary information to conventional clinical scales used to diagnose ICD adverse effects.
Highlights
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) can develop impulse control disorders (ICDs) while undergoing a pharmacological treatment for motor control dysfunctions with a dopamine agonist (DA)
Lin et al J NeuroEngineering Rehabil (2021) 18:109 is frequently accompanied by a cognitive decline [2, 3] in many aspects, including inhibitory control, attention shift, reward learning, and working memory; the main pharmacological treatment for the motor symptoms, e.g., dopamine agonists (DA), may trigger impulse control disorders (ICDs) as an adverse effect [4,5,6,7,8]
PD group and a 4-ms reduction for the Healthy control (HC) group; these response time (RT) differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.5). Along with such an RT outcome, the average errors in the ICD group tended to be higher for the 2nd sessions (SE: 2.11 ± 3.89; commission error (CE): 2.11 ± 1.76) compared with the 1st session (SE: 0.78 ± 2.33; CE: 1.22 ± 1.09); it did not statistically differ (p > 0.13)
Summary
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) can develop impulse control disorders (ICDs) while undergoing a pharmacological treatment for motor control dysfunctions with a dopamine agonist (DA). Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the subsequent depletion of dopamine levels in the basal ganglia [1]. Lin et al J NeuroEngineering Rehabil (2021) 18:109 is frequently accompanied by a cognitive decline [2, 3] in many aspects, including inhibitory control, attention shift, reward learning, and working memory; the main pharmacological treatment for the motor symptoms, e.g., dopamine agonists (DA), may trigger impulse control disorders (ICDs) as an adverse effect [4,5,6,7,8]. Assessing, monitoring, and ideally avoiding ICD in patients with PD has become increasingly important [4, 7,8,9]
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