Abstract
Objective: Antifungal activity of total ethanolic extract and fractions of Usnea varieties were proved against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, and Rhizopus nigricans fungi.
 Methods: To perform the study of relative antifungal activity (AFR), fluconazole and ketoconazole were used as standards. The inhibition coefficient 50 (IC50) for each extract and the fractions was determined.
 Results: It was established that the highest activity was presented by the acetone fraction with a value of 58.53. In the study of antifungal activity, the fraction that presented the best activity against P. digitatum was ethanolic with a value of 44.33, while for R. nigricans was petrol extract, with a value of 75.35 and finally for A. niger was the total extract with a value of 35.48.
 Conclusions: Comparing the values obtained from the extract and the different fractions resulted in the dichloromethane fraction showing the best values.
Highlights
Plants produce a diverse assortment of organic compounds, the majority of which do not participate directly in growth and development of the plant
The growth inhibition potential of A. niger, P. digitatum, and R. nigricans was determined against the extracts of petroleum ether, dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol, and total extract (Figs. 1-3)
Usnea varieties are promising since an extract or fraction that has many secondary metabolites have antifungal activities and it is important to carry out other studies such as cytotoxic activity, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antiparasitic activity to correlate them [18,19]
Summary
Plants produce a diverse assortment of organic compounds, the majority of which do not participate directly in growth and development of the plant. Lichens are complex plant individuals thought to be derived from higher or lower fungi and unicellular algae They have the ability to establish a symbiotic relationship with an algae or cyanobacteria (phycobiont) and a fungus (mycobiont), the result of this symbiosis generates the production of secondary metabolites by the mycobiont from the carbohydrates it receives from the photobiont, through photosynthesis. These individuals store and produce phenolic compounds with high concentrations where more than 1000 active substances produced have been recognized, which are mostly produced as a chemical defense against their predators and parasites. Such is the case of Cladonia, Evernia, Lobaria, Parmelia, Peltigera, Pertusaria, Physia, Rocella, Usnea, and Xanthoria, one evidence is that during the middle ages, lichens were prioritized in many herbaria for treatment of different diseases
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