Objectification and Resistance of Women Against Patriarchal Shackles in Anime Haikara-san ga Tooru Movie 1: Benio, Hana no 17-sai

The strength of film as a medium that represents and constructs reality with the storyline which is symbolically packaged, through substance and full of socio-cultural values. This study is to describe the deconstruction of femininity and women's resistance meaning in the “Mother” movie. This research is a descriptive qualitative text research using main analysis of critical discourse by Sara Mills. The subject is the “Mother” movie, a thriller drama directed by Bong Joon-Ho. Collecting data at the text level, especially through documentation and literature studies, and furthermore, data is validated through FGD with experts who have experience and knowledge according to the object of research. The results explain the deconstruction of feminine values and women's resistance meaning in the “Mother” movie positioning women as objects. At this level, there is an objectification of women through the main character played by Hye ja, although another tendency appears which also positions women as subjects in the storyline. The emergence of physical and emotional aspects of femininity strengthens the objectification of women in the film. However, there is a dissection on femininity and resistance value in the film due to the emotional dynamics of the main character’s complex character. Finally, the existence of media as an industry and the power of messages makes the practice of media commodification depends on the owners, so it’s possible that the image of the female character in the film is used to represent a form of media power over the commodification of the message conveyed.

Since the 20th century up to the present day, the objectification of women is still a central phenomenon in feminist discourse, particularly in the Arab cultural context such as in Kuwait. One tradition that serves as a fertile ground for this issue is the practice of forced arranged marriages, as discussed in the novel "Naqah Shalihah" by Saud al-Sanousi. This novel presents issues related to the culture of forced marriages towards women in the Badui tribe, which gives rise to men's objectification of women. This research aims to analyze the various forms of male objectification of women present in the novel "Naqah Shalihah" by Saud al-Sanousi. The research method used is descriptive analytics with a feminist literary criticism approach and the theories of objectification by Martha Nussbaum and Rae Langton. In the process, data is collected and then analyzed using content analysis techniques. The results of the data analysis indicate nine forms of male objectification of women, namely instrumentality, denial of autonomy, ownership, denial of subjectivity, inertness, violability, fungibility, reduction to body, and reduction to appearance.

This research aims to contribute to the analysis of feminism and patriarchal culture related to the objectification of women's bodies and their resistance in the memoir My Body released in 2021 and written by Emily Ratajkowski. The memoir My Body (2021) illustrates that patriarchal culture grows and develops in people's lives as shown by the dominance of men over women in various aspects of life which causes women's bodies to be objectified so that they experience limited access in various fields of life. The analysis in this study includes the depiction of patriarchal culture and objectification of women's bodies in the memoir My Body (2021) and the resistance to patriarchal culture carried out by female characters in the memoir My Body (2021). In conducting the analysis, the researcher used the literary criticism method by using the theory of feminism from Helene Cixous' thoughts to analyse feminism related to the culture of objectification of women's bodies and their resistance. The results of this study found 4 data in the form of narratives. This research describes body objectification as a culture that limits women that makes women disadvantaged, the culture depicts women as figures who depend on male superiority, and as objects of male lust. In their resistance, women reject norms by writing. Women also resist the culture of objectification by being independent from male roles, independent in defending themselves, and independent in making life decisions. Women are also portrayed as rebelling against male control. This research makes an answer to Helene Cixous' theory of "why women should write" because they have to "fight" the norms and culture that limit and harm women themselves and only fellow women understand how to be in that position.

This study aimed to evaluate the discourse of women's objectification as portrayed in Charles Bukowski's Post Office novel. Many problems occur in the story, especially problems that revolve around women. They receive adverse treatment from men, both physically and mentally, and are also sexualized. It is critical to consider how literary work contributes to resolving social problems such as women's objectification, male gaze, sexual harassment, and other forms of abuse. The portrayal of women's objectification is traced through Stuart Hall's theory of representation, notably Michel Foucault's discursive approach. The findings of this study demonstrate how the Post Office novel objectifies women as a type of sexual freedom. The Post Office solely shows the female body's external features, focusing specific attention on the sexual organs. These features of women's unfavorable behavior help to objectify them. Bukowski assumed that women are prepared to be mistreated, particularly as sexual objects, in the name of sexual freedom. The Post Office represents male characters, objectifying female characters. Furthermore, some female characters normalize the way they are sexualized, from self-objectification to condescendingly stigmatizing other women. Female characters in the story face sexual objectification, rape, and sexual abuse in the name of sexual freedom.

The objectification of women is a communal problem in every developed and underdeveloped society of the world. Women make a major population of the world and serve society in multidimensional modes, but still, they are considered feeble to men. The subject of women objectification has remained the focus of various researchers globally. This research focused on three short stories drawn from “In Other Rooms, Other Wonders” of Daniyal Mueenuddin to bring forward disparities and inequalities prevailing in the patriarchal society of Pakistan. Additionally, it investigated the impact of these inequalities and injustices on the downtrodden women of Pakistan. The objectification of women is such discrimination that women are subjected to undergo in a patriarchal social setup. This study analyzes the objectification of women through the lenses of female characters selected from three short stories. This study uses the theoretical frameworks of Martha Nussbaum and Rae Langton’s to draw outcomes for this study. Study findings exhibit that female characters undergo objectification and are treated as things by males in the male-dominated strata of Pakistan. Keywords: Women objectification, gender, patriarchy, oppression, feminism

Women and objectification are two things that cannot be separated. The use of women's bodies in films can be a form of unilateral commodification of the aesthetics of the female body and the objectification of women as a whole, especially in films that still keep the 'male gaze' phenomenon. The use of 'Male Gaze' etiquette in the film, if viewed from the feminism paradigm, is certainly not appropriate. Film etiquette from a male perspective will give birth to a visual paradigm governed by voyeurism and the objectification of one-sided patriarchal desires. The literacy study method with a feminist approach will be used to examine the recordings of women's footprints as passive objects related to the acceptance of male audiences' sexual satisfaction in the film from Indonesia, namely ' Agreement'. The film Wedding Agreement is one of the series with the theme of matchmaking, where the main character, the girl, must struggle to serve her husband while keeping the household from the temptation of infidelity. The strong side of girls' struggle amid social burdens is a real phenomenon in many cases of marriage in Indonesia which is also reflected in the film Wedding Agreement. Through literacy studies, the researcher tried to uncover the condition of the low level of education regarding the issue of feminism and the high level of patriarchal culture as two fatal combinations in Indonesian society. The end result is reaching a solution to the problem.

This study examines linguistic sexism and the portrayal of women in Indian advertising media. It aims to highlight how advertisements reinforce gender stereotypes and contribute to societal inequality. The research employs a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis, using Sara Mills' discourse-level analysis theory from Feminist Stylistics (1995) as the analytical framework. The analysis identifies indirect sexism and the objectification of women in advertising. Women are frequently depicted as housewives rather than independent individuals with career aspirations. These portrayals reinforce traditional gender roles, limiting women's representation in diverse professional and social spheres. The study concludes that gender equality remains unachieved in Indian advertising media, as women continue to be stereotyped and confined to domestic roles. The persistence of these portrayals reflects deep-rooted societal biases that restrict women’s opportunities. By shedding light on gender bias in advertising, this study emphasizes the need for more inclusive and equitable media representations. Addressing these stereotypes can contribute to social change and the promotion of gender equality in India.

The present study intends to study Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eyes with a Feminist approach. It shows how the sex-offenders oppress little black girls in a patriarchal society. The sex-offenders on the other hand are presented as victims of circumstances and their victimization of black girls is justified by portraying the girls to be the cause of the heinous acts committed to violate their innocence. All black girls, despite the claim of the novelist that it is written from their perspective, are presented in the novel to be reasonably oppressed by the male characters. The author through a series of incidents has tried to depict the objectification of the female sex on one side while the victimization of the sex-offenders on the other. It is a strange dichotomy of events and incidents which has been explored through Catherine Belsey’s Textual Analysis as tool of interpreting various scenes and dialogues.

The present paper focused on the objectification of Pakistani female celebrities on social media especially Facebook. The comments under the viral pictures of Mahira Khan, Mariyam Nawaz and Malala Yousafzai were analyzed by adopting the objectification framework of Nussbaum and Langton. Fifty comments about each female celebrity appearing under their viral pictures were analyzed by using the technique of quantitative content analysis. Total sample consisted of 150 comments from Facebook users of both the genders, i.e. males and females. It was observed that there was an abundance of remarks under the pictures of these celebrities where objectification was at work in some way or the other. Reduction to appearance remained the most frequently occurring variable of objectification. It was also observed that though these comments were coming from people of both the genders but male users of Facebook appeared more hostile in this regard. It is suggested on the basis of the results obtained through the current research that FIA needs to formulate a more strict policy regarding online trolling and shaming.

The phenomenon of Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) has now become a global issue, along with the development of internet-based communication technology that provides easy access for many people. This condition often causes women to frequently become targets, resulting in losses in the form of physical, sexual, and psychological violence. These threats include acts of arbitrary deprivation of liberty in the public and private spheres. This study explores online gender-based violence and the impact of digital communication using Roland Barthes' semiotic model and qualitative visual ethnography. Key findings include: First, the video highlights direct messages received by the celebrity, including harassment and inappropriate content. Second, it reveals behaviours such as stereotypes, objectification of women, unwanted sexual advances, and the sharing of indecent images. Third, the underlying patriarchal culture reinforces the sexual objectification of women. This study aims to enhance understanding of online gender-based violence and contribute to semiotics and visual ethnography in this area.

The problem of objectification of women cannot be ignored from discourse about the body. Because, the main target is sexual matters that focus on women's bodies and appearance. This cannot be denied because Indonesia adheres to a patriarchal system forced in society, where men always dominate and women are often used only as objects. This research aims to reveal that the phenomenon of objectification of women means that women do not get the place they deserve in all fields, they are only considered complementary. Several experiences described in this research are supported by Foucault's understanding.

Louisa May Alcott's Little Women is an American novel that describes the lives of women in the 19th century, when many social inequalities between men and women existed. Starting from these problems, the purpose of this research is to analyze the feminist values represented by the character Jo March. It examines the forms of social injustice and discrimination against women depicted in the novel as a reflection of women's real-world issues. It also explores and unveils the forms of resistance by the female characters. The primary data source is the novel Little Women by Louisa May Alcott, which is analyzed using Beauvoir's existentialist feminism approach and qualitative descriptive method. The results of the research show the existence of gender injustice, which limits women’s space through gender stereotypes, subordination of women, and objectification of women. The forms of resistance that demonstrate women's existence include fighting subordination, working to achieve financial independence, and becoming influential figures in society.

The contemporary challenges of culture and gender in consumer society are numerous. Through critical reflections on certain aspects of women's representation in popular culture, we will re-examine her role in society, seeking explicit and subliminal sexist messages embedded in literary and film language. Exploring the hegemony of the body, through the objectification of women and sexism, the cultural shackles of normative femininity, we will try to find gender asymmetry in the media representation and note the relationship with the ideology of consumerism and mass culture. Decoding the gender stereotypes, on the one hand, and the contemporary post-feminist transformations of femininity, on the other, we will re-examine the gender roles in popular culture by asking questions: To what extent do books and films about Bridget Jonesand The Stepford Wivesoppose the macho, sexist and patriarchal culture? Are they a rebellion against gender and structural discrimination against women? Is the criticism in those works clear and explicit or, in the attempt to detect gender stereotypes, do they in fact legitimize and strengthen them? Is it a matter of subversion, resistance or acceptance, or is it a reconciliation with the dominant values of popular culture and masculine society? Through the polysemic reading of the texts we will seek for the new meanings that are created through the juxtaposition of the code and the decoder, in the interaction between the text, the meaning, the context, the recipient and the discourse. The production of meanings extends far beyond the processes of fabrication, exchange and reproduction of culture

Technological advancements have increased the forms and types of crimes, including online gender-based violence (GBV). The COVID-19 pandemic has driven Indonesian society to engage in online activities, leading to a 23% increase in internet usage by April 2020, but also triggering a surge in cyberattacks, with 190 million cases recorded during the same period. Cases of online GBV have risen from 281 in 2020 to 1697 in 2023. This research examines the vulnerability of women to online GBV and the challenges faced by the Gender Justice Advocates Collective (KAKG) in providing legal protection. Factors such as patriarchal culture, lack of digital literacy, objectification of women, and victim-blaming culture exacerbate women's vulnerability. KAKG faces obstacles including limited human resources, insufficient family support, and difficulties in determining the location of crimes. This study employs a non-doctrinal method, examining the implementation of laws in society. Interview data indicate that the majority of online GBV victims are women, with a significant increase in complaints from 2022 to 2023. The study highlights the importance of digital literacy education and training for law enforcement officers with a victim-centered and gender-equitable perspective to effectively handle online GBV cases.

This research is motivated by the massive dominance of Bugis men over all kinds of problems in the life of the Bugis people, including the lives of women. This controlling influence has turned Bugis women into number two beings in the social process. And Bugis women have to accept the fact that patriarchal culture is growing prolifically, including in literary texts. The purpose of this research is to discuss the efforts of the Bugis women's resistance which is contained in a collection of short stories When ItTime 'sby Darmawati Majid. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The literature review uses an existentialist feminism approach from Simone de Beaviour. Data collection techniques used are literature study and reading and note-taking techniques. The presentation of the results is narrated in the form of descriptive analysis. The female characters carry out resistance, including resistance to marriage, resistance to tradition, and resistance social. The marginalization of female characters is caused by the stereotype of women, the subordination of women, and violence against women which diminish the existence of Bugis women.