Obesity Mediates the Association between Mediterranean Diet Consumption and Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in US Adults

Abstract

BackgroundThe inverse association between Mediterranean diet (Med-diet) consumption and insulin resistance or inflammatory markers is well known. However, the extent to which obesity may act directly on or mediate this association is unclear. ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate whether the associations between Med-diet consumption and markers of insulin resistance and inflammation are mediated by body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) in a representative US population. MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from 4700 adults aged 20–90 y without any previous diagnosis of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hypertension based on the NHANES III, 1988–1994. A Med-diet score (MDS) was created to assess adherence to the Med-diet. Linear regression models were fitted in conventional and causal mediation analyses comparing extreme MDS tertiles. ResultsCompared with the lowest MDS tertile, the highest tertile of MDS was associated with a 0.77 lower BMI (in kg/m2; P = 0.004) and a 2.7 cm lower WC (P < 0.001) after multivariable adjustment. WC mediated the association of MDS with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance markers (log insulin, log homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin) and inflammatory markers (white blood cell count and fibrinogen), whereas BMI mediated the association between MDS and insulin resistance and glucose intolerance markers only (all P < 0.05). The mediated effects of WC were consistently greater than those of BMI for all markers in both conventional and causal mediation analyses. Furthermore, the association between MDS and fasting glucose was fully mediated by adiposity, especially by WC in men aged <45 y and in premenopausal women. ConclusionsOur results suggest that reducing abdominal obesity may play an important role in the pathway through which Med-diet consumption reduces insulin resistance and inflammation.