Abstract
A balanced diet is essential in obesity control. Fruits stand out for the presence of various bioactive compounds, which represent promising tools in the prevention and treatment of various pathologies. In obesity, fruits phytochemicals present are related to different important mechanisms of action, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. This narrative review aims to understand the main physiological alterations of obesity and the effects of bioactive compounds in fruits on them, identifying the best-known substances and their likely mechanisms of action on the main biomarkers. The research was carried out in the Google Scholar, Scielo, Pubmed and Science Direct databases, considering reviews published since 2015 and experimental studies since 2010. Inflammatory cytokines and adipokines are considered primary biomarkers of obesity, and are currently also considered the insulin resistance, lower glucose tolerance, oxidative stress, gut microbiota, nutrients and microRNAs. Three groups of fruits stood out for their effects: Citrus fruits, berries and tropical fruits, sources mainly of flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids. Experimental results indicate that fruits and their compounds can help in the prevention and treatment of obesity through the regulation of inflammatory cytokines and adipokines involved in the mechanisms of this disease, as well as antioxidant properties and modulation of lipogenesis. More clinical studies are needed to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved, in order to favor not only the production of specific supplements but also the best clinical dietary prescription.
Highlights
The enormous biodiversity existing in nature's biomes brings the cultivation and consumption of different fruits by country or region, representing a huge range of promising tools in the prevention and treatment of various pathologies (Chang et al, 2019; Karasawa & Mohan, 2018; Nile & Park, 2014)
The present study aims to gather the existing knowledge in the literature about the bioactive compounds from fruits and their effects on obesity, identifying the main compounds that act on the corresponding biomarkers and their probable mechanisms of action
3.1 Obesity Mechanisms Obesity susceptibility genes have already been identified, and it has been found that a small proportion of the obese population is affected by a monogenic mutation that causes this pathology
Summary
Macronutrients, micronutrients and water are consumed in adequate proportions to energy and physiological needs, without excessive intake. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes are the main In this context, obesity is included, reaching crescent alarming levels Obesity occurs in a multifactorial manner, with biological, environmental and behavioral factors being recognized in its etiology, such as sedentary lifestyle, genetic predisposition, emotional factors and unbalanced diet (Kadouh & Acosta, 2017) In this scenario, the phytochemicals present in fruits are related to different mechanisms of action that help in the prevention and treatment of obesity, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, inhibition of proliferation and increase in the rate of adipocyte apoptosis, and reduction of triglyceride absorption. The present study aims to gather the existing knowledge in the literature about the bioactive compounds from fruits and their effects on obesity, identifying the main compounds that act on the corresponding biomarkers and their probable mechanisms of action
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