Abstract
Background and objectiveThe involvement of the oral microbiota as a possible link between periodontitis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity is still not well understood. The objective of the study was to investigate if glycemic control and obesity play a role in modulating the composition and diversity of the oral microbial ecology.Material and methodsA cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 18) was recruited. Participants demonstrating improved glycemic control after 3 months (n = 6) were included in a second examination. A full mouth examination was performed to estimate periodontitis severity followed by sample collection (subgingival plaque and saliva). Generation of large sequence libraries was performed using the high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform.ResultsThe majority of participants (94.4%, n = 17) presented with moderate or severe forms of periodontitis. Differences in microbial composition and diversity between obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m2) groups were statistically significant. Cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches failed to reveal statistically significant associations between HbA1c level and species composition or diversity.ConclusionsObesity was significantly associated with the oral microbial composition. The impact of glycemic control on oral microbiota, however, could not be assured statistically.
Highlights
Obesity was significantly associated with the oral microbial composition
There is mounting evidence that the intestinal microbiota may have an impact on both type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity through alterations of metabolic processes in glucose and fatty acid metabolism pathways [1,2,3,4]
Interventional studies performed in the human and mouse model using fecal microbiota transplantation have shown that the gut microbiota plays a key role in weight regulation as well as in insulin sensitivity [7,8,9]
Summary
There is mounting evidence that the intestinal microbiota may have an impact on both type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity through alterations of metabolic processes in glucose and fatty acid metabolism pathways [1,2,3,4] This impact is attributed to the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and to a change in the bacterial diversity within the gut [3,5,6]. Periodontal inflammation has been linked to various systemic diseases with high prevalence, incidence, morbidity, and mortality; for example type 2 diabetes mellitus [11] and obesity [12] In both cases, the pro-inflammatory milieu associated with both obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus may play a key role in the mechanisms linking these two diseases with periodontal disease [13,14]. The objective of the study was to investigate if glycemic control and obesity play a role in modulating the composition and diversity of the oral microbial ecology
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