Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa) is well known for its various health benefits. The protective effect of oat extract against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes HaCaT was determined. First, extracts of two varieties of oat, Daeyang and Choyang, were analyzed for fat-soluble antioxidants such as α-tocotrienol, γ-oryzanols, lutein and zeaxanthin using an UPLC system and for antioxidant activity using a DPPH assay. Specifically, an 80% ethanol extract of Daeyang oat (Avena sativa cv. Daeyang), which had high amounts of antioxidants and potent radical scavenging activity, was further evaluated for protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, the phosphorylation of DNA damage mediating genes such as H2AX, checkpoint kinase 1 and 2, and p53 and the activation of apoptotic genes such as cleaved caspase-3 and 7 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in HaCaT cells. The Daeyang and Choyang oat 80% ethanol extracts had 26.9 and 24.1 mg/100 g γ-oryzanols, 7.69 and 8.38 mg/100 g α-tocotrienol, 1.25 and 0.34 mg/100 g of lutein and 1.20 and 0.17 mg/100 g of zeaxanthin, respectively. The oat 80% ethanol extract treatment (Avena sativa cv. Daeyang) had a protective effect on oxidative stress-induced cell death in HaCaT cells. In addition, the oat 80% ethanol extracts led to a significant decrease in the intracellular ROS level at a concentration of 50–200 μg/mL, the attenuation of DNA damage mediating genes and the inhibition of apoptotic caspase activities in a dose dependent manner (50–200 μg/mL). Thus, the current study indicates that an oat (Avena sativa cv. Daeyang) extract rich in antioxidants, such as polyphenols, avenanthramides, γ-oryzanols, tocotrienols and carotenoids, has a protective role against oxidative stress-induced keratinocyte injuries and that oat may a useful source for oxidative stress-associated skin damage.
Highlights
It is well known that an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, peroxynitrite and peroxyl radicals [1] can cause oxidative stress, damaging DNA and other biomolecules, leading to inflammation, aging and cancer [2,3,4,5]
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Daeyang and Choyang oat cultivars have been developed in the National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), South Korea
Summary
It is well known that an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, peroxynitrite and peroxyl radicals [1] can cause oxidative stress, damaging DNA and other biomolecules, leading to inflammation, aging and cancer [2,3,4,5]. The consumption of whole grain oats (Avena sativa) is well known for its positive health benefits against metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and hyperglycemia [12,13]. These beneficial effects of oats can be largely explained by the role of their antioxidative compounds such as tocotrienols, flavonoids [14], phenolics [15,16] and avenanthramides [17], and soluble fibers such as beta-glucan [12]. The molecular mechanisms of oat extract on the anti-apoptotic properties (key function in regulating skin development) remains unknown
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