Abstract
Two samples of oak honeydew honey were investigated. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC and GC/MS enabled identification of the most volatile organic headspace compounds being dominated by terpenes (mainly cis- and trans-linalool oxides). The volatile and less-volatile organic composition of the samples was obtained by ultrasonic assisted extraction (USE) with two solvents (1:2 (v/v) pentane -diethyl ether mixture and dichloromethane) followed by GC and GC/MS analysis. Shikimic pathway derivatives are of particular interest with respect to the botanical origin of honey and the most abundant was phenylacetic acid (up to 16.4%). Antiradical activity (DPPH assay) of the honeydew samples was 4.5 and 5.1 mmol TEAC/kg. Ultrasonic solvent extracts showed several dozen times higher antiradical capacity in comparison to the honeydew. Antioxidant capacity (FRAP assay) of honeydew samples was 4.8 and 16.1 mmol Fe2+/kg, while the solvent mixture extracts showed antioxidant activity of 374.5 and 955.9 Fe2+/kg, respectively, and the dichloromethane extracts 127.3 and 101.5 mmol Fe2+/kg.
Highlights
IntroductionUnlike floral honeys, which derive from the nectar of flowering plants, honeydew honey is obtained by secretions of the living parts of plants or excretions onto them produced by sap-sucking insects
Unlike floral honeys, which derive from the nectar of flowering plants, honeydew honey is obtained by secretions of the living parts of plants or excretions onto them produced by sap-sucking insects.Honeydew honeys differ in chemical composition from nectar honeys [1] as well in the volatile composition and/or antioxidant activity
Shikimic pathway derivatives are of particular interest with respect to the botanical origin of honey and the most abundant was phenylacetic acid
Summary
Unlike floral honeys, which derive from the nectar of flowering plants, honeydew honey is obtained by secretions of the living parts of plants or excretions onto them produced by sap-sucking insects. Trans-β-Methyl-γ-octalactone, a characteristic volatile compound of oak wood, is proposed as a chemical marker for the plant origin of oak honeydew honeys [2]. Oak honeydew volatiles from Spain were previously identified by a microscale SDE apparatus after dichloromethane extraction [2] and trans-β-methyl-γ-octalactone, a characteristic volatile compound of oak wood, was proposed as a chemical marker. This compound is well known in winemaking, because it is responsible for the oak aroma of barrel-aged wines [9]. DPPH and FRAP assay of the USE extracts were compared to the activity of the honeydew samples to obtain data of potential extra value of the solvent extracts, not just for organic analyses
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