Abstract
More females than males who never smoke have lung cancer. Increasing evidence indicates that air pollution is a major cause of lung cancer in people who have never smoked. In 2013, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified outdoor air pollution and particulate matter 2.5 micrograms/meter3 (PM2.5) in outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and causes of lung cancer. The effects of air pollution exposure may take 15 to 20 years to be reflected in the lung adenocarcinoma incidence rate.
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